Buruixaski
Buruixaski (بروشسکی - burū́šaskī) és una llengua aïllada[1] parlada a les zones on viu el poble buruixo, és a dir a les valls de Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, Ishkoman-Barjungle i algunes zones de Gilgit al nord del Pakistan i també per uns 300 buruixos que viuen a Srinagar, Índia.[2][3] Altres noms per a la llengua són Brugaski, Kanjut (Kunjoot), Verchikwār, Boorishki, Brushas (Brushias) i Miśa:ski.
| بروشسکی burū́šaskī | |
|---|---|
| Tipus | llengua natural i llengua viva  |
| Ús | |
| Parlants | 87,000 (2000) |
| Parlat a | Caixmir |
| Autòcton de | Gilgit-Baltistan i Jammu i Caixmir |
| Estat | Pakistan |
| Classificació lingüística | |
| llengua humana | |
| Característiques | |
| Sistema d'escriptura | Urdu orthography (en)  i alfabet llatí |
| Nivell de vulnerabilitat | 2 vulnerable |
| Codis | |
| ISO 639-3 | bsk |
| SIL | bsk |
| Glottolog | buru1296 |
| Ethnologue | bsk |
| UNESCO | 1599 |
| IETF | bsk |
| Endangered languages | 1614 |
Escriptura
El buruixaski és un idioma parlat. De vegades s'escriu amb l'alfabet utilitzat per l'urdú, una versió de l'alfabet persa, però l'ortografia no ha estat fixada. Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai ha escrit poesies en buruixaski utilitzant l'alfabet urdú.
Fonologia
El buruixaski té cinc vocals /i e a o u/. Diverses contraccions resulten en vocals llargues; les vocals tenses tenen la tendència de ser més llargues i menys "obertes" que les no tenses. ([i e a o u] oposades a [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ]).
Les consonants recollides per Berger (1998) es mostren a continuació en la seva transcripció i AFI:
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolo-palatal | Retroflexa | Velar | Uvular | Glotal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ṅ /ŋ/ | |||||
| Oclusiva | aspirada | ph /pʰ/[4] | th /tʰ/ | ṭh /ʈʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | qh /qʰ/[5] | ||
| normal | p /p/ | t /t/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | |||
| sonora | b /b/ | d /d/ | ḍ /ɖ/ | g /g/ | ||||
| Africada | aspirada[6] | ch /t͡sʰ/ | ćh /t͡ɕʰ/ | c̣h /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ | ||||
| plain | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ɕ/ | c̣ /ʈ͡ʂ/ | |||||
| sonora | j /d͡ʑ/[7] | j̣ /ɖ͡ʐ/[8] | ||||||
| Fricativa | sorda | s /s/ | ś /ɕ/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | h /h/ | |||
| sonora | z /z/ | ġ /ʁ/ | ||||||
| Vibrant | r /r/ | |||||||
| Aproximant | l /l/ | y [j][9] | ỵ /ɻ/[10] | w [w][9] | ||||
Referències
Bibliografia
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Morphology. Pages 1021–1041 in volume 2 of Morphologies of Asia and Africa, ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1999. M. Witzel's "South Asian Substrate Languages" from a Burushaski Perspective. Mother Tongue (Special Issue, October 1999).
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. forthcoming b. Burushaski. In Language Islands: Isolates and Microfamilies of Eurasia, ed. by D.A. Abondolo. London: Curzon Press.
- Backstrom, Peter C. Burushaski in Backstrom and Radloff (eds.), Languages of northern areas, Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2. Islamabad, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics (1992), 31-54.
- Bashir, Elena. 2000. A Thematic Survey of Burushaski Research. History of Language 6.1: 1–14.
- Berger, Hermann. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski [Names of Mediterranean cultured plants from B.]. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 9: 4-33.
- Berger, Hermann. 1959. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache [The B. loanwords in the Gypsy language]. Indo-Iranian Journal 3.1: 17-43.
- Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Volume 3 of Neuindische Studien, ed. by Hermann Berger, Lothar Lutze and Günther Sontheimer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Berger, Hermann. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager [The B. language of H. and N.]. Three volumes: Grammatik [grammar], Texte mit Übersetzungen [texts with translations], Wörterbuch [dictionary]. Altogether Volume 13 of Neuindische Studien (ed. by Hermann Berger, Heidrun Brückner and Lothar Lutze). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz.
- Casule, Ilija. 2010. Burushaski as an Indo-European language. Languages of the World 38. Múnic: Lincom.
- Casule, Ilija. 2003. Evidence for the Indo-European laryngeals in Burushaski and its genetic affiliation with Indo-European. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 31:1-2, pp 21-86.
- van Driem, George. 2001. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (2 vols.). Leiden: Brill.
- Greenberg, Joseph H., and Merritt Ruhlen. 1992. Linguistic Origins of Native Americans. Scientific American 267(5): 94–99.
- Grune, Dick. 1998. Burushaski – An Extraordinary Language in the Karakoram Mountains.
- Lorimer, D. L. R. 1935–1938. The Burushaski Language (3 vols.). Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning.
- Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. Notes on Burushaski Phonology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13: 61–95.
- Munshi, Sadaf. 2006. Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Linguistics.
- van Skyhawk, Hugh. 2003. Burushaski-Texte aus Hispar. Materialien zum Verständnis einer archaischen Bergkultur in Nordpakistan. Beiträge zur Indologie 38. ISBN 3-447-04645-7.
- Starostin, Sergei A. 1996. Comments on the Basque-Dene-Caucasian Comparisons. Mother Tongue 2: 101–109.
- Tiffou, Étienne. 1993. Hunza Proverbs. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-29-8
- Tiffou, Étienne. 1999. Parlons Bourouchaski. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-7967-7
- Tiffou, Étienne. 2000. Current Research in Burushaski: A Survey. History of Language 6(1): 15–20.
- Tikkanen, Bertil. 1988. On Burushaski and other ancient substrata in northwest South Asia. Studia Orientalia 64: 303–325.
- Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Letters 7: 133–173.
- Witzel, Michael. 1999. Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages. Mother Tongue (Special Issue, October 1999): 1–70