Balloon busters were military pilots known for destroying enemy observation balloons. These pilots were noted for their fearlessness, as balloons were stationary targets able to receive heavy defenses, from the ground and the air.[1] Seventy-seven flying aces in World War I were each credited with destroying five or more balloons, and thus were balloon aces.
The crucial role of observation balloons
An observation balloon was both a vulnerable and a valuable target: the balloon was moored in a stationary position and was lifted by flammable hydrogen gas, whose use was necessitated by the scarcity of helium reserves among European powers. The artillery observer, suspended in the wicker basket beneath, typically had a wireless transmitter, binoculars and/or a long-range camera. His job was to observe actions on the front-line and behind it, to spot enemy troop movements or unusual activity of any sort, and to call down artillery fire onto any worthwhile targets.
Balloon observers were consequently targets of great importance to both sides, especially before any sort of infantry action or offensive, so individual pilots, flights or whole squadrons were frequently ordered to attack balloons, to destroy them or at least disrupt their observation activities.[1] Pilots on both sides tried to attack from a height that could enable them to fire without getting too close to the hydrogen and pull away fast. They were also cautioned not to go below 1,000 feet (300 m) in order to avoid machine gun and AA fire.
Due to their importance, balloons were usually given heavy defenses in the form of machine gun positions on the ground, anti-aircraft artillery, and standing fighter patrols stationed overhead. Other defenses included surrounding the main balloon with barrage balloons; stringing cables in the air in the vicinity of the balloons; equipping observers with machine guns; and flying balloons booby-trapped with explosives that could be remotely detonated from the ground. These measures made balloons very dangerous targets to approach.[1]
Although balloons were occasionally shot down by small-arms fire, generally it was difficult to shoot down a balloon with solid bullets, particularly at the distances and altitude involved. Ordinary bullets would pass relatively harmlessly through the hydrogen gas bag, merely holing the fabric. Hits on the wicker car could however kill the observer.[1]
One method employed was the solid-fuel Le Prieur rocket invented by Frenchman Lt. Yves Le Prieur and first used in April 1916. Rockets were attached to each outboard strut of a biplane fighter aircraft and fired through steel tubes using an electrical trigger. The rockets' inaccuracy was such that pilots had to fly very close to their target before firing.[1]
It was not until special Pomeroy incendiary bullets and Buckingham flat-nosed incendiary bullets became available on the Western Front in 1917 that any consistent degree of success was achieved. Le Prieur rockets were withdrawn from service in 1918 once incendiary bullets had become available.[1]
Balloon busting aces
Aces with four balloon victories
| Name | Origin | Balloon victories | Aircraft victories | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heinrich Arntzen | German | 4 | 7 | 11[78] |
| Otto Brauneck | German | 4 | 6 | 10[79] |
| Harvey Weir Cook | American | 4 | 3 | 7[80] |
| Gustave Daladier | French | 4 | 8 | 12[81] |
| Benno Fiala Ritter von Fernbrugg | Austro-Hungarian | 4[note 1] | 24 | 28[82] |
| Elwyn King | Australian | 4 | 22 | 26[83] |
| Wilhelm Kühne | German | 4 | 3 | 7[84] |
| Georges Lachmann | French | 4 | 5 | 9[85] |
| Auguste Lahoulle | French | 4 | 6 | 10[86] |
| Edgar McCloughry | Australian | 4 | 17 | 21[87] |
| Paul Petit | French | 4 | 3 | 7[88] |
| Maurice Rousselle | French | 4 | 1 | 5[89] |
| Karl Schattauer | German | 4 | 5 | 9[90] |
| Leonard Taplin | Australian | 4 | 8 | 12[91] |
| Edgar Taylor | American | 4 | 1 | 5[92] |
| Guy Wareing | English | 4 | 5 | 9[93] |
Aces with three balloon victories
| Name | Origin | Balloon victories | Aircraft victories | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giovanni Ancillotto | Italian | 3 | 8 | 11[94] |
| Yves F. Barbaza | French | 3 | 2 | 5[95] |
| Hans Böhning | German | 3 | 14 | 17[96] |
| Karl Bohny | German | 3 | 5 | 8[97] |
| Walter von Bülow-Bothkamp | German | 3 | 25 | 28[98] |
| Hamilton Coolidge | American | 3 | 5 | 8[99] |
| Pierre Delage | French | 3 | 4 | 7[100] |
| Rudolf von Eschwege | German | 3 | 17 | 20[101] |
| Henri Hay De Slade | French | 3 | 16 | 19[102] |
| Francis W. Gillet | American | 3 | 17 | 20[103] |
| Max Gossner | German | 3 | 5 | 8[104] |
| Justus Grassmann | German | 3 | 7 | 10[105] |
| Robert Hall | South African | 3 | 2 | 5[106] |
| Ludwig Hanstein | German | 3 | 13 | 16[107] |
| William Frederick James Harvey | English | 3 | 23 | 26[108] |
| Albert Haussmann | German | 3 | 12 | 15[109] |
| Heinrich Henkel | German | 3 | 5 | 8[110] |
| Adolf Heyrowsky | Austro-Hungarian | 3[note 1] | 9 | 12[111] |
| Camille Lagesse | Canadian | 3 | 17 | 20[112] |
| Friedrich Manschott | German | 3 | 9 | 12[113] |
| George McElroy | Irish | 3 | 44 | 47[114] |
| Maurice Newnham | English | 3 | 15 | 18[115] |
| John Steele Ralston | Scottish | 3 | 9 | 12[116] |
| Paul Rothe | German | 3 | 2 | 5[117] |
| Franz Rudorfer | German | 3 | 8 | 11[118] |
| Cecil Thompson | South African | 3 | 3 | 6[119] |
| Remington Vernam | American | 3 | 3 | 6[120] |
| Hans Waldhausen | German | 3 | 3 | 6[121] |
| Herbert Gilles Watson | New Zealander | 3 | 11 | 14[122] |
Aces with two balloon victories
In literature
On the afternoon of September 14, 1918, while the Doughboys of the 33rd U.S. Infantry Division were stationed at Fromereville near Verdun, American war poet Lt. John Allan Wyeth was taking a shower with a group of bickering Doughboys when he heard the cry, "Air Raid!" Like every other bather, Wyeth ran, naked and covered with soap, into the village square. There, he watched as a Fokker D VII, flown by Unteroffizier Hans Heinrich Marwede from Jasta 67's aerodrome at Marville, attacked and set on fire three French observation balloons.[185] Lieut. Wyeth later described Marwede's victory in his sonnet Fromereville: War in Heaven.[186]
William Sanders' novel The Wild Blue and the Gray was set in a World War I squadron that flew several balloon-busting missions.
In Wilbur Smith's The Burning Shore the lead character carries out balloon-busting missions during World War I.
DC Comics published a character known as Steve Savage, the Balloon Buster in All-American Men of War title in 1965.
See also
Notes
References
- Bibliography
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank; Guest, Russell (1993). Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914–1918. Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-73-9., ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1.
- Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918. Grub Street. ISBN 1-898697-56-6., ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank (1992). Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-54-2., ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
- Guttman, Jon (2005). Balloon-Busting Aces of World War 1. illustrated by Harry Dempsey. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-877-4., ISBN 978-1-84176-877-9.
- Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-19-4., ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9.