The Banjar or Banjarese (basa Banjar; jaku Banjar, Jawi: باس بنجر) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by the Banjarese—an indigenous ethnic group native to Banjar regions— in the southeastern Kalimantan of Indonesia. The Banjarese language is the de facto lingua franca for various indigenous community especially in South Kalimantan, as well as Central Kalimantan (notably in Seruyan Regency and Sukamara Regency) and East Kalimantan in general.
| Banjarese | |
|---|---|
| basa Banjar jaku Banjar باس بنجر | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | |
| Ethnicity | Banjarese |
Native speakers | L1: 4,127,124 (2010 census)[1] L1 & L2: ~10,650,000 |
Austronesian
| |
Standard forms | Standard Banjarese |
| Dialects | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bjn |
| Glottolog | banj1241 |
| Linguasphere | 31-MFA-fd |
Apart from the native Banjarese in Indonesia, the Banjarese language also spoken by little Banjarese diaspora abroad (such as in Brunei, Malaysia (notably in Sabah and Perak), and Singapore); however, they tend to not use it as their primary language, and their fluency degree is questionable.
Dialects
There are at least three divisions of dialects within the Banjarese language:
According to Cense,[6] the Banjar Hulu dialect are predominantly spoken by Banjarese people in the South Hulu Sungai Regency and North Hulu Sungai Regency regions.
Phonology
Consonants
The consonantal inventory of Banjarese language is shown below. All but [ʔ] occur at the onset of a syllable:[7]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | (ʔ) |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
- The following consonants can close a CVC syllable: /p t k m n ŋ s h r l/. Words cannot begin with consonant clusters. Within a root, an NC sequence will always be homorganic, though reduplication and a few prefixes such as sing- can produce other sequences, e.g. /ŋb, ŋp, ŋt, ŋr, ŋl, kr, /. Other medial sequences include /kt/, /kn/, /ŋn/, /nɲ/, /st/, /sn/, /hk/, /hj/, /lk/ and /rɡ/.[2]
Vowels
Sudarmo finds five monophthongs:[7]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | (ə) | o |
| Open | a |
Durasid finds three monophthongs and three diphthongs in Pahuluan Banjarese:[2]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Open | a |
Regionally, /a/ has an allophone [ə] and /u/ has an allophone [ɔ]. The diphthongs are /ai/, /au/, /ui/.Loans with /e/ or /o/ are assimilated to these three vowels. E.g. kréték is realized as [karitik]. However, since most Banjarese speakers are effectively bilingual, this realization becomes rarer.
Alphabet
The standard alphabet is as follows:[8]
| Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c | d | é | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ny | ng | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |
| Phonetic value | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | tʃ | d | ɛ | ɡ | h | i | dʒ | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | j |
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
