List of large volcanic eruptions

This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.

<11.7KA (Holocene)

11.7 to 49KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka^[1]	Tephra or eruption name
6	Lolobau Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	50 50	12	caldera formation
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	24.9 < 25	12.3	Ruplax Tuff
6	Nevado de Toluca	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	20 20	12.5	Upper Toluca Pumice
6	Sakurajima	Kyūshū	11 11	12.8	Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6	Laacher See	Eifel hotspot	20 20	12.9
6	Nigorigawa	Hokkaidō	10.9 10.9	14.6
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	79 79	14.9	Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6	Maly Semyachik	Kamchatka	17.5 17.5	15
6	Towada	Honshū	56 56	15.6	eruption episode L
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	15.7
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.3 1.3	19.3	Green Pumice
7	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	100 100	19.3	Kiau Ignimbrite
7	Zavaritzki Caldera	Simushir, Kuril Islands	200 200	20
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10.1 >10	21	Kulau Ignimbrite
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1 26.1	21	Caldera formation 2
6	Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	20.1 >20	21.8	Cape Riva
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.9 1.9	22	Basal Pumice
6	Mount Katmai	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	10.1 ⩾10	22.8	Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
8	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1170 1170	26.5	Oruanui eruption^[a]
6	Morne Diablotins	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	14 14	26.6	Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
?	Laguna Caldera	Luzon Volcanic Arc	Unknown	27-29
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.2 2.2	28.6	Codola Pumice
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	10.1 ≥10	29.1	Y3
6	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50 50	29.3	Dawson Tephra
6	Nemrut yanardağı	Turkey	65.4 65.4	29.7
7-8	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	940 940 - 1,040^[2]	30^[3]	Ito Ignimbrite
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	10 10	30.8	Nemo III
6	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	30.1 >30	32.2	caldera formation
6	Volcán Los Azufres	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	11 11	32.8	Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58 58	33.3	Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7	Lake Ranau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	150 150	33.6	Ranau Tuff
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	31.3 31.3	34	Nemo II
6	Mount Batur	Sunda Arc, Bali	84 84	34.6	Ubud Ignimbrite
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	25 25	35	Caldera II
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10 10	35.3^[4]	Nu-p
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1 26.1	35.6	Menengai Tuff
6	Towada	Honshū	46 46	36	eruption episode N
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10 10	38.3^[4]	Nu-r
7	Gorely	Kamchatka	120 120	39	Southern sea cliffs
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	170 170	39.3	Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	430 430 - 680	39.9	Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	40
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	40 40	40	Caldera I
6	Ugashik-Peulik	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30 30	40	Caldera formation
6?	Ulleung	South Korea	10 10?	40^[3]	Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6	Irosin Caldera	Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc	70 70	41	Irosin Ignimbrites
6	Qualibou	Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc	11 11	42.3	Choiseul Tuff
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	10.3 10.3	42.5	C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	14.4 14.4 DRE^[4]	43^[6]	Kt-1
7	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	150 150	43.6	Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6	Golovnin	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	15 15	43.7	Kn III-5 Tephra
6	Mount Akagi	Honshū	25.9 25.9	44	Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6	Mendeleev	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	60 60	44.5	caldera formation
7	Opala	Kamchatka	225 225	44.5	caldera formation
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 5 - 10^[4]	45	Yanagisawa Tuff
7	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	115.1 >115	45	Nemo I
6	Smith Island	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	49 49	45
7	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	350 350 - 390^[7]	46	caldera formation

50 to 99KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka^[8]	Tephra or eruption name
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.2 10.2 DRE	50	Kt-2
7	Ōkataina Volcanic Complex	Taupō Volcanic Zone	100 >100 DRE^[9]	50	Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	13.1 13.1	51	Santa Lucia Tephra
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	235 235	52	Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6	Mount Kujū	Kyūshū	12.0 12^[10]	53.5	Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	13.8 13.75	54	Upper Scoriae 2
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	20.1 20.1 DRE	50 - 60	Kt-3
5^[11]	Torfajökull^[12]	Iceland	44 DRE^[11]	55.4^[12]	Þórsmörk ignimbrite and Greenland II-RHY-1^[12]
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	10.1 ≥ 10	56	X2
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	40.0 40	56	Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6	Daisen	Honshū	40.0 40	59.6^[3]	Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	50.0 50	60	Shadai eruption
6	Towada	Honshū	10.0 10	61	eruption episode Q
6	Newberry Volcano	Cascade Volcanic Arc	12.6 > 12.5	62.5	Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6	Hakone	Honshū	20.0 20	66	Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	12.5 12.5	69.4	Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	37.0 37	69	Zaragoza Tuff
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	24.0 24	70	Faby Tuff
6	Pico do Fogo	Cape Verde	Unknown	73
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5.0 5 - 10	73	Nisaka Tuff
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	2800 2,800 - 5,300^[13]	74	Youngest Toba Tuff^[b]
6	Barrier Volcano	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	10.0 10	74	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	11.1 > 11 DRE	75	Kt-4
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	12.4 12.35	80	CA-1a Tephra
6	Bolshoy Semyachik	Kamchatka	42.0 42	80	Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6	Hakone	Honshū	10.0 10	80	Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
7?	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	25.0 25	81	Inararo Tuff
6	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	10.0 10	82.8	X4; I-7
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	300 300	84	Los Chocoyos eruption
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	16.8 16.8 DRE	84	Kt-6
6	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	25.0 25	85	Kp-2/3
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.8 10.8 DRE	84 - 87	Kt-7
7-8	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	930 930 - 1,860^[2]	87	Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	9.9 9.9 DRE	87 - 106	Kt-8

100 to 299KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka^[15]	Tephra or eruption name
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	Unknown	100	Tozurahara eruption
6	Sierra la Primavera	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	90	100	Tala Tuff
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	14	100	Middle Pumice
6	Ontake	Honshū	50	100	Ontake-1 Pumice
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Boroi Ignimbrites
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Malaguna Pyroclastics
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	350	100^[3]	Ata pyroclastic deposits
6	Sanbe	Honshū	20	105	Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6	Tangkuban Perahu	Sunda Arc, Java	≥ 10	105	Sunda Caldera
7	Lake Tōya	Hokkaidō	230 – 310^[2]	106
6	Santo Antão	Cape Verde	10.33	106	Cão Grande I
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	106.2	X5
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	108.9	X6
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	175	117.5	Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	220	124	Old Craw Tephra
7	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	> 150	130	Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	50	141	Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	23?	143	Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	150	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	150
7	Kos-Nisyros Caldera	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	110	161	Kos Plateau Tuff
7	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	290 DRE^[16]	164	Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7	Lake Akan	Hokkaidō	56.8 (DRE)	175	AK-2
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	50	176	Bluff Point Tuff
7	Southern Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	Unknown	180
7	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	103.5	182.3
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	205
7	Rotorua Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	230	Mamaku Ignimbrite
7	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	230	Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7	Reporoa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	230	Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	> 150	240	Torihama eruption
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	240	Ohakui Ignimbrite
7	O'a Caldera	Ethiopia	276	240	Qi3 Pumice
8	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	254	Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	Unknown	266	Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	46	278	Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7	Haroharo Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	280	Matahina Ignimbrite
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	280	Pakai Ignimbrite
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	175	280

300 to 999KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka^[17]	Tephra or eruption name
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	300	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	300	Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7	Vulsini	Campanian volcanic arc	460	300	Bolsena Caldera
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	320
7	Kakutō Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	321	Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?	Suiendani	Honshū	Unknown	370	Okuhida Pyroclastics
7	Lake Bracciano	Lazio, Italy	> 200	370	Mophi Tephra
6	Roccamonfina Caldera	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	390
6-7	Medvezhia	Iturup, Kuril Islands	90	410	Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7	Toussidé	Tibesti Mountains	150	430	Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7	Pauzhetka Caldera	Kamchatka	375	440	Golygin Ignimbrite
7	Tumalo	Oregon	Unknown	440	Tumalo tuff
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	450	Oda Ignimbrite
7	Diamante Caldera	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	450
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	500	Yoshino Ignimbrite
7	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	138	500	Middle Toba Tuff
7	Kobayashi Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	520	Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	560
7	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū	Unknown	580	Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6?	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Unknown	600	Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6	Mount Lassen	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 75	610	Rockland Caldera formation
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	⩾ 1,000	631	Lava Creek Tuff
7	Acatlán Volcanic Field	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	150	650	Acatlán Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Unknown	650	Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7	Kamitakara	Honshū	Unknown	650
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	680	Matahana A
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	710	Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7	Long Valley Caldera	Eastern California	790	760	Bishop Tuff
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	830	Matahana B
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	840	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	5,290^[13]	840	Toba Tuff
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	870	Imaichi Ignimbrite
7	Tondano Caldera	North Sulawesi, Sulawesi	600 - 950	870
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	950	Marshall Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	970	Unit E

1 to 9.9MA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ma^[18]	Tephra or eruption name
7	North Vate	Vanuatu	Unknown	001 1	Efaté Pumice Formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001 1	Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	001 1	Yabakei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	001 1
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Unknown	001 1	Saigō Ignimbrite
7	Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera	Hokkaidō	130 > 130	001 1
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.01 1.01	Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	1000	001.09 1.09
8	Gakkel Ridge Caldera	Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean	3000	001.1 1.1
7	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	100	001.13 1.13	Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7	Kulshan Caldera	Cascade Volcanic Arc	117 > 117.5	001.15 1.149	Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite, Kulshan caldera formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.18 1.18	Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Unknown	001.2 1.2	Shikido Ignimbrite
6	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	Unknown	001.2 1.2	Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Unknown	001.2 1.2	Ashino Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.2 1.2	Unit D
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.21 1.21	Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA (Raton hotspot)	690	001.22 1.223	Upper Bandelier Tuff
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	280 > 280 (DRE)	001.27 1.27	Mesa Falls Tuff
7	Puricó Complex	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.3 1.3	Puricó Ignimbrite
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Unknown	001.4 1.4	Kumado Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Unknown	001.4 1.4	Tokachi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.4 1.4	Unit C
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.53 1.53	Unit B
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	001.55 1.55	Unit A
7	Mount Jiigatake^[19]	Honshū	Unknown	001.6 1.6	Ōmine Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	690	001.61 1.61	Lower Bandelier Tuff
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	001.65 1.65
6	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Unknown	001.7 1.7	Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7	Young Island	Valleny Islands	100	001.7 1.7	Eltanin
7	Bolshe-Bannaya	Kamchatka	800	001.7 1.7
7	Mount Hotakadake^[19]	Honshū	Unknown	001.75 1.75	Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū	Unknown	001.76 1.76	Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	101 ⩾ 100	001.78 1.78	San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7	Karymshina	Kamchatka	Unknown	001.78 1.78
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	Unknown	001.8 1.8
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	001.88 1.88	Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Unknown	001.9 1.9	Biei Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	002 2	Reishōji Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	002 2	Ht-3 Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	002 2	Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	002 2	Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū	Unknown	002 2	Sonehara Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	002 2
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	2160	002.07 2.0794	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	290	002.11 2.113	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7	Mount Jiigatake^[19]	Honshū	Unknown	002.18 2.18	Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8	Cerro Galán	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1030	002.2 2.2	Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?	Mount Erciyes	Turkey	Unknown	002.5 2.52	Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
^^^^Quaternary^^^^
7	Hiwada Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	002.8 2.8	Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8	Pastos Grandes Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1500	002.9 2.9	Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7	Teragi Cauldron	Honshū	Unknown	003 3.03	Teragi Group^[20]
7	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Unknown	003.5 3.5	Tara Ignimbrite
7	Yunosawa Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	003.5 3.5	Obirakiyama Tuff
8	Pacana Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	2800	004 4	Atana Ignimbrite
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	004.5 4.45	Kilgore Tuff
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	005.5 5.51	Conant Creek Tuff
8	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	1300	005.7 5.7	Guacha ignimbrite
7	Cerro Panizos	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Unknown	006.1 6.1	Panizos Ignimbrite
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	006.3 6.27	Walcott Tuff
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	006.6 6.62	Blacktail Tuff
7	Black Mountain Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	007 7	Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7	Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Unknown	008.3 8.3	Sifon Ignimbrite
?	Twin Falls volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	008.6 8.6-10
8	Grey's Landing Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	2800 > 2800^[21]	008.7 8.72	Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
8	McMullen Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	1700 > 1700^[21]	008.9 8.99	McMullen Ignimbrite

10MA and older

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ma^[22]	Tephra or eruption name
?	Picabo volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	010 10 – 10.2	Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8	Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	950	011 10 – 12.5	Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	011.5 11.45	Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	011.6 11.6	Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	012.7 12.7	Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	012.8 12.8	Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7	Mount Sobo	Kyūshū	Unknown	012.8 12.8
?	Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	012.8 13.9-12.8
7	Mount Katamuki	Kyūshū	Unknown	013 13
7	Silent Canyon caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	013 13	Belted Range Tuff
7	Crater Flat Group	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	013.3 13.25	Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
7	Shitara Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	013.1 15.1-13.1
8	Ōdai Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	013.7 13.7	Murō Ignimbrite
8	Mount Ōkue	Kyūshū	Unknown	013.7 13.7	Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7	Mount Ishizuchi	Shikoku	Unknown	014 14
8	Kumano Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	014.4 14.4	Kumano Acidic rocks
8	Source unknown	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1100	015 15	Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015 15	Whitehorse Creek Tuff
?	Lake Owyhee volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Unknown	015 15
8	Mount Osuzu	Kyūshū	Unknown	015.1 15.1	Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?	Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Unknown	015.5 16.5-15.5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.7 15.7	Double H Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.8 15.8	Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	016 16	Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	016.5 16.5	Oregon Canyon Tuff
8	Oxaya Formation	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	3000	019 19	Oxaya Ignimbrite
7	Mount Belknap Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Unknown	019 19	Joe Lott member
^^^^Neogene^^^^
7	Monroe Peak Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Unknown	023 23	Osiris Tuff
8	La Garita Caldera	San Juan volcanic field	5000	027.8 27.8	Fish Canyon Tuff^[c]
8?	Bachelor	San Juan volcanic field	1000	028 28	Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8	San Juan	San Juan volcanic field	Unknown	028 28	Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8?	Uncompahgre	San Juan volcanic field	1000	028.1 28.1	Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8?	Platoro	San Juan volcanic field	1000	028.2 28.2	Chiquito Peak Tuff
8	Bursum	Southern New Mexico	Unknown	028.5 28.5	Apache Springs Tuff
8	White Rock Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	Unknown	029.2 29.2	Lund Tuff
8	Sana'a Ignimbrite	Afro-Arabian	Unknown	029.5 29.5	Tephra 2W63
8	Iftar Alkalb	Afro-Arabian	Unknown	029.5 29.5	Tephra 4 W
8	Sam Ignimbrite	Yemen	Unknown	029.5 29.5	Green Tuff
8	Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite	Yemen	Unknown	029.6 29.6
8	Wah Wah Springs Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	5900	030 30.06	Wah Wah Springs Tuff^[d]
8	Windows Butte Tuff	Central Nevada	Unknown	033 33	Windows Butte Tuff
8	Emory Caldera	Southwestern New Mexico	Unknown	034.9 34.9	Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park
8	Mount Princeton	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado	Unknown	035.3 35.3	Wall Mountain Tuff
7	Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex	Skukum Group	Unknown	050 50
^^^^Paleogene^^^^
8	Deccan Traps	West-central India	Unknown	066 66	This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8	Source unknown	Honshū	Unknown	070 70	Noi Rhyolite
8	Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau	Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands	Unknown	121 121	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Unknown	132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Santa Maria Fria	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Unknown	132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Ventura	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Unknown	132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	High Island Caldera	Hong Kong	Unknown	140 140
^^^^Cretaceous^^^^
8	Ora Caldera	Southern Alps, Italy	Unknown	274 277–274	Ora Formation
7	Altenberg–Teplice Caldera^[23]	The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex	Unknown	317 325-317^[23]	Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8	Cerberean Caldera	Rubicon Valley	Unknown	374 374^[24]	Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park.^[24]^[25]
8	Glen Coe	Scotland	Unknown	420 420^[26]
8	Scafells	Lake District	Unknown	450 450+^[27]

Notes

References

Bibliography

Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
- Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
"Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

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