Cristovam Buarque

Buarque graduated in mechanical engineering from the Federal University of Pernambuco in 1966.^[1] At that time he engaged in student politics becoming a militant of the Ação Popular, a group of the Leftist Progressive Church. After the 1964 coup, he was persecuted and exiled to France, where he earned a PhD in economics from the Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Paris, in 1973. He worked at Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in Ecuador, Honduras, and the United States from 1973–79. He was the first elected rector, by direct vote, of the University of Brasilia in the wake of the military regime; governor of the Federal District; Minister of Education; and current senator, who was elected by a landslide vote. He worked as a consultant for several national and international bodies under the United Nations (UN) and presided over the University for Peace Council and participated in the Food Presidential Commission, which was formerly directed by late sociologist Herbert "Betinho" de Souza.

Buarque is a member of UNESCO's Institute of Education and of the Council of the United Nations University. He initiated the NGO Mission Child, which sponsors an income transfer program for thousands of families and is funded by private enterprises.^{[citation needed]} He was awarded the Jabuti prize of Literature in 1995. He is a staunch defender of the "revolution… through education", a line of thought touted by Brazilian intellectuals like Anísio Teixeira, Darcy Ribeiro, and Paulo Freire.^{[citation needed]}

Buarque proposes an alternative class analysis of modern capitalist societies. According to him, in modern capitalism, the increasing substitution of human labor by automated machines tends to make employed workers a privileged caste, while a new layer of "excluded" people—those who have no jobs, insurance, or health care—is formed. Buarque proposes intervention through government or institutional action on their behalf.^{[citation needed]}

His term as Governor of the Federal District was marked by strong tensions in the Workers' Party (PT), particularly in its unionist base. He managed to persuade the party to support his policies in return for demobilizing most of the PT activists.^{[citation needed]}

The project Bolsa Escola, implemented in the Federal District during his term, now operates in Brazil and other countries.^{[citation needed]} Despite gaining a 58% approval rating by the Datafolha institute, Buarque was narrowly defeated by Joaquim Roriz (PMDB) in the 1998 election. Buarque attributed his defeat to his opponent's promise to grant a large wage increase to the district's public servants—a promise which was not fulfilled.^[2]

In 2005, after the allegations of corruption involving the Worker's Party (PT), he left the party.^[3]

After considering staying in the Senate as an independent, he decided to enter the Democratic Labour Party (PDT) in 1989, with which he had longstanding connections. His proposal to transform education into a national priority is a continuation of the ideas of Darcy Ribeiro.^{[citation needed]}

Wikiquote has quotations related to Cristovam Buarque.

• List of governors of the Federal District

• Author biography, The Globalist, archived from the original on 2006-05-26.
• Cristovam Buarque (1993). The end of economics?: ethics and the disorder of progress. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-097-9.
• Suplicy, Eduardo Matarazzo; Buarque, Cristovam (1997). "Garantia de renda mínima para erradicar a pobreza: o debate e a experiência brasileiros". Estudos Avançados. 11 (30): 79–93. doi:10.1590/S0103-40141997000200007. ISSN 0103-4014.