Search

Foreign relations of Norway

(Redirected from Foreign relations of Svalbard)

The foreign relations of Norway are based on the country's membership in NATO and within the workings of the United Nations (UN). Additionally, despite not being a member of the European Union (EU), Norway takes a part in the integration of EU through its membership in the European Economic Area. Norway's foreign ministry includes both the minister of foreign affairs and minister of international development.

History

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established on the same day that Norway declared the dissolution of the union with Sweden: June 7, 1905. Although diplomats could not present credentials to foreign governments until the Swedish king formally renounced his right to the Norwegian throne, a number of unofficial representatives worked on the provisional government's behalf until the first Norwegian ambassador, Hjalmar Christian Hauge, sought accreditation by the United States Secretary of State Elihu Root on November 6, 1905.

The initial purposes of the newly formed Foreign Ministry were to represent Norway's interests through diplomatic channels, and to provide consular services for Norwegian shipping and commerce overseas. In 1906, the Storting decided to establish six embassies in Europe, with two more in the Americas: one in the United States and one in Argentina. 20 consular offices were also opened.

During World War I, the foreign ministry was confronted with unprecedented challenges in maintaining neutrality for Norway, in particular in order to protect its merchant fleet.

In 1922, the ministry was consolidated and reorganised to ensure fuller cooperation between the diplomatic and consular branches. The reorganization included the formation of a designated career path for diplomats that included completion of a university entrance examination and professional experience from international trade. The economic hardship of the times forced austerity measures at the ministry for the next several years.

When Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940, the government fled to the United Kingdom and reconstituted in exile in Bracknell, outside London. Kingston House in London was later used. The government moved back to Norway following the peace in 1945.

After the end of World War II, Norway was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United Nations, the latter having Norwegian Trygve Lie as inaugural Secretary-General. Norway was also part of the first slate of non-permanent members to the United Nations Security Council.[1]

Elements of policy

Since the end of the Cold War, Norway has developed a model to foreign policy known as the "Norwegian model," the goal of which is to contribute to peace and stability through coordinated response among governmental and non-governmental Norwegian organizations; acting as an honest broker in international conflicts; an informal network of Norwegian individuals with access and credibility among parties; and the willingness to take the long view in international issues.

The post-war foreign policy of Norway can be described along four dimensions:

Strategic alliances

Norway's strategic importance for waging war in the North Atlantic became important in the failed neutrality policy of World War II. Norway became a founding member of NATO in order to ally itself with countries that shared its democratic values. Both through diplomatic and military cooperation, Norway has played a visible role in the formation and operations of NATO. It allowed a limited number of military bases and exercises to be based in its territories, which caused some controversy when NATO decided to put forward bases in Northern Norway in preparation for a conflict with the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

International cooperation

Norway supports international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of disputes, recognizing the need for maintaining a strong national defence through collective security. Accordingly, the cornerstones of Norwegian policy are active membership in NATO and support for the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Norway also pursues a policy of economic, social, and cultural cooperation with other Nordic countries—Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland—through the Nordic Council. Its relations with Iceland are very close due to the cultural bond the two nations share. Norway ended a 2-year term on the UN Security Council in January 2003, and chaired the Iraq Sanctions Committee.

Norway, along with Iceland and the Faroe Islands, is not a member of the European Union, all three are members of the European Economic Area[clarify].[2] Membership of the EU has been proposed within Norway, and referendums over Norwegian membership were held in 1972 and 1994.[3] Popular opinion was split between rural and urban areas. See Norway and the European Union. The present government is not planning to raise the possibility for future membership.

Norway also has a history of co-operation and friendship with the United Kingdom and Scotland, due to their shared cultural heritage since Viking times. The Vikings conquered areas including the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland for several hundred years. Norway is only 300 kilometres (159 Nautical miles) east of Unst, the northernmost island of Shetland. The Norwegian embassy to the United Kingdom is located in London, and Norway also maintains a Consulate General in Edinburgh. A Norway Spruce is given by the city of Oslo and presented to London as a Christmas tree for display in Trafalgar Square as a token of gratitude for the UK's support during World War II. King Haakon, his son Crown Prince Olav and the country's government lived in exile in London throughout the war. As part of the tradition, the Lord Mayor of Westminster visits Oslo in the late autumn to take part in the felling of the tree, and the Mayor of Oslo then goes to London to light the tree at the Christmas ceremony.

On 25 April 2022, Norwegian foreign minister visited Bangladesh as part of her two-day trip in order to broadening economic partnership through trade, investment and maritime sector cooperation.[4]

International mediation and nation building

Norway has played an active role as a third party mediator in a number of international conflicts. The late foreign minister Johan Jørgen Holst was instrumental in forging the Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO. Thorvald Stoltenberg was part of the unsuccessful mediation team in seeking an end to the war in Bosnia. Norway has contributed both mediation services and financial assistance in Guatemala.

As of 2005, Norwegian diplomats are acting as mediators in Sudan, Bosnia, Sri Lanka, and Colombia. Some of those countries accuse Norway of supporting and propping up separatist groups. Israel is often bitter with harsh criticisms from Norwegian politicians. The spat was at its highest when finance minister Kristin Halvorsen supported boycott of Israeli goods.[5] in early 2006. Finance ministry spokesman, Runar Malkenes, told BBC News that "there are no moves to push for a boycott of Israeli goods" at government level.[6] Eritrea has been actively supported by Norway during its liberation from Ethiopia.[7] As of recent, Ethiopia expelled six Norwegian diplomats due to Norway's alleged support to 'Terrorist group and Eritrea'.[8] Norway retaliated by cutting aid to Ethiopia.

After the Al-Qaeda attack on the United States on September 11, 2001, NATO launched a military invasion to overthrow Al-Qaeda and its Taliban sponsors. Norway was one of 51 donors providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country. Norway had charge of Faryab Province. The Norwegian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team had the mission of effecting security, good governance and economic development, 2005–2012. But the results were dubious and frustration continued until the U.S. and all other countries finally decided to withdraw by 2021.[9]

International disputes

Territorial claims in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island) are only recognized by Australia, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

Status-seeking

A number of scholars have argued that Norway has through its foreign policy engaged in status-seeking.[10][11] Through an activist foreign policy, Norway has sought to elevate its standing among the international system's small powers and middle powers, and earn recognition from the great powers.[10][11]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Norway maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[12]
1  United States30 October 1905
2  Russia31 October 1905
3  France5 November 1905
4  United Kingdom6 November 1905
5  Denmark7 November 1905
6  Japan7 November 1905
7  Germany9 November 1905
8  Belgium14 November 1905
9  Sweden18 November 1905
10  Spain26 November 1905
11  Thailand30 November 1905
12  Netherlands4 December 1905
13  Turkey31 December 1905
14   Switzerland22 January 1906
15  Portugal17 March 1906
16  Italy22 March 1906
17  Austria27 March 1906
18  Argentina28 March 1906
19  Paraguay2 April 1906
20  Uruguay3 April 1906
21  Mexico9 April 1906
22  Cuba20 June 1906
23  China13 July 1906
24  Bulgaria20 August 1906
25  Brazil11 May 1908
26  Iran14 October 1908
27  Serbia9 March 1917
28  Romania14 May 1917
29  Finland2 March 1918
30  Greece25 May 1918
31  Chile9 June 1919
32  Poland4 July 1919
33  Liechtenstein25 November 1919
34  Hungary12 February 1920
35  Czech Republic12 January 1921
36  Peru3 August 1923
37  Venezuela4 October 1929
38  Luxembourg15 April 1931
39  Colombia6 September 1935
40  Egypt25 April 1936
41  Ecuador22 October 1936
42  Bolivia25 February 1937
43  El Salvador27 April 1939
44  Guatemala28 April 1939
45  Costa Rica2 May 1939
46  Iceland29 August 1940
47  Canada24 January 1942
48  Dominican Republic16 October 1943
49  Haiti28 October 1943
50  Ethiopia28 April 1945
51  South Africa16 June 1946
52  Iraq28 September 1946
53  Australia23 June 1947
54  Honduras3 July 1947
55  Nicaragua5 July 1947
56  India15 August 1947
57  Philippines2 March 1948
58  Panama21 July 1948
59  Lebanon10 August 1948
60  Syria11 August 1948
61  Pakistan18 December 1948
62  Indonesia25 January 1950
63  Ireland17 February 1950
64  Israel19 July 1950
65  Sri Lanka13 October 1950
66  Myanmar18 May 1956
67  Sudan31 May 1956
68  Tunisia29 August 1958
69  Morocco30 August 1958
70  South Korea22 March 1959
71  Nigeria1 October 1960
72  Madagascar27 October 1960
73  Senegal2 December 1960
74  Yemen23 March 1961
75  Saudi Arabia8 May 1961
76  Guinea21 July 1961
77  Ivory Coast27 September 1962
78  Algeria27 October 1962
79  Cyprus22 March 1963
80  Afghanistan3 January 1964
81  Niger24 January 1964
82  Kenya22 February 1964
83  Uganda21 July 1964
84  Benin25 September 1964
85  Tanzania28 September 1964
86  Zambia2 February 1965
87  Liberia17 February 1965
88  Malawi9 March 1965
89  Ghana19 May 1965
90  Cameroon15 June 1965
91  Gabon28 September 1965
92  Kuwait30 June 1965
93  Libya20 July 1966
94  Burundi1966
95  Republic of the Congo23 May 1967
96  Botswana30 November 1967
97  Malaysia8 March 1968
98  Mongolia11 May 1968
99  Jordan7 January 1969
100  Malta11 February 1969
101  Singapore7 March 1969
102  Democratic Republic of the Congo27 September 1969
103  New Zealand10 October 1969
104  Central African Republic16 May 1970
105  Sierra Leone20 July 1970
106  Rwanda30 January 1971
107  Somalia30 March 1971
108  Albania29 May 1971
109  Trinidad and Tobago19 November 1971
110  Vietnam25 November 1971
111  Togo10 January 1972
112  Bangladesh14 April 1972
113    Nepal26 January 1973
114  Mauritius30 January 1973
115  Qatar9 June 1973
116  North Korea22 June 1973
117  United Arab Emirates4 July 1973
118  Bahrain15 July 1973
119  Barbados24 January 1975
120  Guinea-Bissau7 April 1975
121  Mozambique25 June 1975
122  Lesotho8 May 1976
123  Papua New Guinea19 August 1976
124  Cambodia18 November 1976
125  Fiji18 January 1977[13]
126  Suriname8 February 1977
127  Cape Verde9 May 1977
128  Mali17 June 1977
129  Jamaica7 October 1977
130  Angola31 October 1977
131  Guyana2 August 1979
132  Burkina Faso21 September 1979
133  Oman15 April 1980
134  Zimbabwe18 April 1980
135  Solomon Islands18 September 1980
–  Holy See2 August 1982
136  Gambia8 February 1983
137  Mauritania6 December 1983
138  Maldives26 March 1984
139  Belize12 July 1984[14]
140  Brunei12 October 1984
141  Eswatini11 December 1984
142  Seychelles1 February 1985[15]
143  Antigua and Barbuda14 October 1985[16]
144  Bhutan5 November 1985[17]
145  Tonga30 August 1988
146  Saint Lucia1990[18]
148  Namibia21 March 1990
–  Cook Islands18 July 1991
148  Estonia27 August 1991
149  Latvia27 August 1991
150  Lithuania27 August 1991
151  Bahamas11 November 1991
152  Laos12 November 1991
153  Belarus4 February 1992
154  Ukraine5 February 1992
155  Slovenia18 February 1992
156  Croatia20 February 1992
157  Moldova3 June 1992
158  Armenia5 June 1992
159  Azerbaijan5 June 1992
160  Georgia5 June 1992
161  Kazakhstan5 June 1992
162  Turkmenistan8 June 1992
163  Tajikistan10 June 1992
164  Uzbekistan10 June 1992
165  Kyrgyzstan26 June 1992
166  Saint Kitts and Nevis15 October 1992
167  Marshall Islands16 October 1992[19]
168  Slovakia1 January 1993
169  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines19 February 1993[20]
170  Bosnia and Herzegovina12 December 1993[21]
171  North Macedonia20 December 1993
172  Eritrea14 March 1994[22]
173  Andorra15 November 1995[23]
174  Chad13 November 1995
175  San Marino11 December 1996[24]
176  Samoa1999[25]
177  Grenada26 April 2000[19]
178  Nauru9 August 2000[26]
179  Dominica26 March 2001[27]
180  East Timor20 May 2002[28]
181  Djibouti5 February 2003[29]
182  Montenegro21 June 2006[30]
183  Equatorial Guinea30 March 2007[31]
–  Kosovo25 October 2008[32]
184  Tuvalu8 May 2010[33]
185  Monaco16 November 2010[34]
186  South Sudan9 July 2011[35]
187  Palau31 May 2017[36]
188  Federated States of Micronesia12 April 2018[37]
189  Vanuatu28 May 2018[38]
190  São Tomé and Príncipe25 January 2019[39]
191  Comoros28 June 2019[40]
192  Kiribati17 August 2019[41]

Multilateral

OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
 European UnionSee Norway–European Union relations
 NATOSee Norway–NATO relations

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 KenyaSee Kenya–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Oslo.
 SudanSee Norway–Sudan relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Khartoum.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Oslo.

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Belize

Since 2011, Belize and Norway have an Agreement concerning the exchange of information relating to tax matters they had signed in 2010.[42]

 BrazilSee Brazil–Norway relations
 CanadaSee Canada–Norway relations

Canada has an embassy in Oslo.[44]

 ChileSee Chile–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Chile has an embassy in Oslo.
 Mexico1906See Mexico–Norway relations
  • Mexico has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Mexico City.
 United States1905See Norway–United States relations

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 AfghanistanSee Afghanistan–Norway relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway closed its embassy in Kabul in 2021.
 Armenia
  • Armenia is accredited to Norway through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Norway is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 ChinaOctober 5, 1954See China–Norway relations
 India1947See India–Norway relations
 IndonesiaSee Indonesia–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Oslo.
 IsraelSee Israel–Norway relations

Norway was one of the first countries to recognize Israel on February 4, 1949. Both countries established diplomatic relation later that year.

 Malaysia1957See Malaysia–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Stockholm whose consular area also covers Norway.
 MongoliaJanuary 11, 1968See Mongolia–Norway relations
  • Mongolia is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Norway is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
   NepalJanuary 26, 1973See Nepal–Norway relations

Diplomatic relations were established on January 26, 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000.[54] Norway's aid to Nepal was around 2 million NOK in 2008. Norwegian aid prioritizes education, good governance and energy. [citation needed] In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal.[55] In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.[56] In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.[57][58]

  • Norway has an embassy in Kathmandu.
  • Nepal has an embassy in Oslo.
 Pakistan1947See Norway-Pakistan relations

Pakistan and Norway have friendly ties. Norway and Pakistan ties date back to the 1980s, the Pakistani community is the largest foreign immigrant community in Norway.

  • Norway has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Oslo.
 Palestine

A Palestinian representation in Oslo has had status of "general delegation". In December 2010 during a visit to Norway Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad announced that this mission would be upgraded to a diplomatic mission. This will take effect early in 2011. With the rank of ambassador its head will have the title "head of the Palestinian mission". Norway thus becomes the fourth European country to take similar steps, following Spain, France and Portugal. The upgrade does not constitute recognition of a Palestinian state by Norway, however.[59]

 PhilippinesMarch 2, 1948See Norway–Philippines relations

Relations between the Philippines and Norway were established on March 2, 1948, the Philippines has an embassy in Oslo while Norway has an embassy in Manila. Norway is also involved in the peace process in the Philippines related to Moro and Communist insurgencies and is also a member country of the International Monitoring Team for the GPH-MILF Peace Process. Norway is also the third country facilitator for the GPH-CPP–NPA–NDF Peace Process. Trade between the Philippines and Norway amounted up to $73 million.[60][61][62]

  • Norway has an embassy in Manila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Oslo.
 Saudi ArabiaSee Norway–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Riyadh and consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Oslo.
 South KoreaMarch 2, 1959[63]See Norway-South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Kongeriket Noreg and the Republic of Korea began on March 2, 1959.

 Syria

In March 2012 the Norwegian Foreign Ministry announced that the Norwegian embassy in Damascus will be temporarily closed, mainly due to the deteriorating security situation in the country, however Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre also emphasized the closing being a political signal. One Norwegian diplomat will remain, stationed at the Danish embassy.[67]

 TurkeySee Norway–Turkey relations

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Croatia1992See Croatia–Norway relations
 CyprusSee Cyprus–Norway relations

Diplomatic relations were established on March 22, 1963.[68] The government in Cyprus considers that "bilateral relations between Cyprus and Norway are excellent in all fields".[69]

Neither country has resident ambassadors. Cyprus is represented in Norway through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden and 2 honorary consulates, one in Oslo and the second in Kristiansand. Norway is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Athens, Greece and an honorary consulate in Nicosia.[70] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.[69]

On August 21, 1951, there was a Consular Convention and an Exchange of Letters relating to establishing diplomatic relations. On May 2, 1951, there was a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income. On May 17, 1962, there was an Exchange of Letters constituting an Agreement on the Abolition of Visa Requirement in Nicosia. On March 5, 1963, there was an Agreement on Commercial Scheduled Air Transport signed in London.[71]

Norway provides direct funding to the Cypriot Government and also to local authorities, NGOs and educational institutions through EEA and Norway Grants.[72] The NGO Fund in Cyprus is co-financed by the European Economic Area (EEA) Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism. It was established in 2004.[73] In 2006, Norway increased its commitment to offer a total contribution of 4.66 million euros.[73] In 2007 a delegation from the EEA and Norway Grants went to Cyprus to "monitor the spending of Norwegian funds given to Cyprus as part of the European Economic Area."[74] In 2008 Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre traveled to Cyprus to meet President Demetris Christofias. They met to discuss Norway's assistance to the Cypriot village of Salamiou, in Paphos. The Norwegians plan to rebuild an old elementary school in the village. It will then become a Regional Centre for Environmental Education at the cost of €735,000.[75]

The taxation levels in Cyprus are considerably lower than in Norway, and Cyprus has actively courted Norwegians to move to Cyprus.[76] Among the Norwegians who moved to Cyprus is the shipping billionaire John Fredriksen, who was the richest man in Norway.[77][78][79]

In 1996 tax rules in Norway were changed to keep shipping companies competitive and under the Norwegian flag. By 2008 changes to the tonnage tax regime to harmonize them with the European Union forced some companies to register in Cyprus.[80] Norwegian Service rig company Prosafe moved their headquarters to Cyprus.[81]

Several Norwegian retirees also moved to Cyprus; this too is largely to benefit from the lower tax rate on Cyprus and the minimal crime.[82] The Norwegian colony on Cyprus is in Paphos.[82]

 DenmarkSee Denmark–Norway relations

Both countries have a very long history together, both countries were part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523. Norway was in Union with Denmark between 1537 and 1814. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, after Norway's independence. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO, and of the Council of Europe. There are around 15,000 Norwegian people living in Denmark and around 20,000 Danish people living in Norway.[85]

 Estonia
 European UnionSee Norway–European Union relations

Norway is part of the EU market via the European Economic Area and the Schengen Area.

 FinlandSee Finland–Norway relations
 France1905See France–Norway relations
 GermanySee Germany–Norway relations
 GreeceSee Greece–Norway relations
 Hungary1920
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1920, but diplomatic representations were set up only in 1947–1948.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Oslo and 2 honorary consulates (in Stavanger and Sarpsborg).[93]
  • Norway has an embassy in Budapest.[94]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
 IcelandSee Iceland–Norway relations

In 2007, the two countries signed a defense agreement, covering surveillance and military defense of Icelandic air space and economic zone. It means that Norwegian jet fighters and surveillance aircraft will be patrolling Icelandic air space. It is underlined that the agreement with Norway only covers peacetime. In case of a military conflict it is still NATO and the United States Government that will carry the main responsibility for Iceland's defense.[95] The agreement was signed following the decision to pullout US military from the Keflavík naval air base.[96]

 Ireland
 KosovoSee Kosovo–Norway relations

Norway recognized Kosovo on March 28, 2008.[101] Norway has an embassy in Pristina, while Kosovo has hinted that it will include Norway in the second wave of embassy openings.

 Monaco
  • Norway is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.[102][103]
  • Monaco maintains an honorary consulate in Oslo.[104]
 Netherlands
 PolandSee Norway–Poland relations
 RomaniaApril 3, 1917See Norway–Romania relations
  • Both nations were established formal relations on April 3, 1917.
  • Norway has an embassy in Bucharest.[105]
  • Romania has an embassy in Oslo.[106]
  • Both nations are full members of NATO and of the Council of Europe.
 RussiaOctober 30, 1905See Norway–Russia relations
 SerbiaSee Norway–Serbia relations
 SpainSee Norway–Spain relations
 Sweden1905See Norway-Sweden relations

Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1905, after the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905.

  SwitzerlandSee Norway-Switzerland relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Bern and two consulates-general in Geneva and Zürich.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Oslo.
 Ukraine1992See Norway–Ukraine relations
 United Kingdom1905See Norway–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Australia1905See Australia–Norway relations

The bilateral countries between Australia and Norway were established diplomatic relations in 1905, following the Norway's independence since 1814.

 New Zealand1905See New Zealand–Norway relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, after Norway's independence. There are approximately 1,400 Norwegians living in New Zealand and 409 New Zealanders living in Norway.[118]

Reidar Sveaas, director of P&O Maritime Ltd. and honorary consul to Auckland said in 2000 that excellent opportunities existed for New Zealand to trade with the world's second largest oil-producing country, Norway.[119]

New Zealand joined 11 other countries in 2006 in delivering a formal diplomatic protest to the Norwegian Foreign Ministry in Oslo over Norway's plans to increase its whaling activities.[120]

In 2004, New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark became as the first Prime Minister to ever visits Norway. She said that both countries see eye-to-eye on almost everything but the commercial harvesting of whales.[121]

See also

References

Further reading

  • Berg, Roald. "Norway’s Foreign Politics during the Union with Sweden, 1814-1905: A Reconsideration." Diplomacy & Statecraft 31.1 (2020): 1-21. online Argues Norwegians did have a voice in foreign affairs.
  • Danielsen, Helge. "Military Assistance, Foreign Policy, and National Security: The Objectives of US Military Assistance to Norway, 1950–1965." Scandinavian Journal of History 45.1 (2020): 71–94.
  • Frankel, Joseph. "Comparing Foreign Policies: The Case of Norway." International Affairs 44.3 (1968): 482–493.
  • German, Robert K. "Norway and the bear: Soviet coercive diplomacy and Norwegian security policy." International Security 7.2 (1982): 55-82 online.
  • Holst, Johan Jørgen, ed. Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s (Oxford UP, 1985).
  • Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden." Scandinavian Journal of History 15.3-4 (1990): 269–278.
  • Lundestad, Geir. "The United States and Norway, 1905–2006 Allies of a kind: so similar, so different." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 4.2 (2006): 187–209.
  • Lundestad, Geir. "The evolution of Norwegian security policy: Alliance with the West and reassurance in the East." Scandinavian Journal of History 17.2-3 (1992): 227–256.
  • Lundestad, Geir. America, Scandinavia and the Cold War, 1945-1949 (1980),
  • Padelford, Norman J. "Regional cooperation in Scandinavia." International Organization 11.4 (1957): 597–614; relations with Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland, 1920–1955. online
  • Pisarska, Katarzyna. "Peace Diplomacy and the Domestic Dimension of Norwegian Foreign Policy: The Insider's Accounts." Scandinavian Political Studies 38.2 (2015): 198–215.
  • Riste, Olav. "The historical determinants of Norwegian foreign policy." in J. J. Holst, ed. Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s (1985): 12–26.
  • Salmon, Patrick. Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890-1940 (2002) excerpt
  • Salmon, Patrick. "How to write international history: Reflections on Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie." Diplomacy and Statecraft 9.1 (1998): 208–223.

External links

Retrieved from "https:https://www.search.com.vn/wiki/index.php?lang=en&q=Foreign_relations_of_Norway&oldid=1220900240"
🔥 Top keywords: Main PageSpecial:SearchWikipedia:Featured picturesYasukeHarrison ButkerRobert FicoBridgertonCleopatraDeaths in 2024Joyce VincentXXXTentacionHank AdamsIt Ends with UsYouTubeNew Caledonia2024 Indian general electionHeeramandiDarren DutchyshenSlovakiaKingdom of the Planet of the ApesAttempted assassination of Robert FicoLawrence WongBaby ReindeerXXX: Return of Xander CageThelma HoustonFuriosa: A Mad Max SagaMegalopolis (film)Richard GaddKepler's SupernovaWicked (musical)Sunil ChhetriXXX (2002 film)Ashley MadisonAnya Taylor-JoyPlanet of the ApesNava MauYoung SheldonPortal:Current eventsX-Men '97