Petrol additives may increase petrol's octane rating, thus allowing the use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and power, or act as corrosion inhibitors or lubricants. Other additives include metal deactivators, oxygenates and antioxidants.
Some additives are harmful and are regulated or banned in some countries.
Fictional additives
Additives
- Oxygenates
- Alcohols:
- Methanol (MeOH)
- Ethanol (EtOH); see also common ethanol fuel mixtures
- Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
- n-butanol (BuOH)
- Gasoline grade t-butanol (GTBA)
- Ethers:
- Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), now outlawed in many states of the U.S. for road use because of water contamination.
- Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME)
- Tertiary hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
- Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE)
- Tertiary amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
- Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)
- Alcohols:
- Antioxidants, stabilizers
- Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
- Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
- 2-tert-Butylphenol
- 3-tert-Butylphenol
- 4-tert-Butylphenol
- 2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
- 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP)
- 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol (2,4,6-TTBP)
- tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)
- p-Phenylenediamine
- N,N'-Di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
- Ethylenediamine
- Detergents; see also Top Tier Detergent Gasoline
- Antiknock agents
- Tetraethyllead (TEL), now banned almost everywhere for causing brain damage.
- Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is a neurotoxic substance and is fatal if swallowed/inhaled and causes manganism.[7]
- Ferrocene
- Dimethyl methylphosphonate
- Toluene
- Isooctane
- Triptane
- Lead scavengers (for leaded gasoline)
- Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) (also an AW additive and EP additive)
- 1,2-Dibromoethane
- 1,2-Dichloroethane
- Fuel dyes, most common:
- Fuel additives in general
- Ether and other flammable hydrocarbons have been used extensively as starting fluid for many difficult-to-start engines, especially diesel engines
- Nitromethane, or "nitro", is a high-performance racing fuel
- Acetone is a vaporization additive, mainly used with methanol racing fuel
- Butyl rubber (as polyisobutylene succinimide, detergent to prevent fouling of diesel fuel injectors)
- Ferrous picrate, used in diesel fuel to increase fuel conversion efficiency and reduce emissions
- Two-stroke oil, for lubrication of small engines reliant on crankcase compression
- Upper cylinder lubricant, extensively advertised but of unproven value
Racing formulations
- Nitromethane can increase the cetane number of diesel fuel, improving its combustion properties
- Nitrous oxide, or simply nitrous, is an oxidizer used in many forms of motorsports such as drag racing and street racing.
Legislation
United States
Fuel additives in the United States are regulated under section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as amended in January 1995). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the registration of all fuel additives which are commercially distributed for use in highway motor vehicles in the United States,[8] and may require testing and ban harmful additives. The EPA also regularly reviews the health and net economic benefits of Clean Air Act policies.[9]
The act also requires deposit control additives (DCAs) be added to all petrol. This type of additive is a detergent additive that acts as a cleansing agent in small passages in the carburetor or fuel injectors. This in turn serves to ensure a consistent air and fuel mixture that will contribute to better gas mileage.
See also
References
- ARRC Auto Repair Reference Center. Point 5 Technologies. Accessed via EbscoHost on November 27, 2009
- EPA: List of Registered Gasoline Additives (Under 40 CFR Part 79)