List of Burmese royal consorts

(Redirected from List of Burmese consorts)

This is a list of the queen consorts of the major kingdoms that existed in present-day Myanmar. Those with the rank of Nan Mibaya (senior queens) are listed.

Primer

Rankings of consorts

Prior to the Konbaung period (1752–1885), the consorts of the Burmese monarchs were organized in three general tiers: Nan Mibaya (နန်းမိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Palace", senior queen), Mibaya (Nge) (မိဖုရား (ငယ်), "(Junior) Queen"), and Ko-lok-taw (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်, concubine).[note 1] Starting in the late 18th century, the Konbaung kings inserted the tiers of Hsaungdaw Mibaya (ဆောင်တော် မိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Royal Apartment") and Shwe-Yay Hsaung Mibaya (ရွှေရေးဆောင် မိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Gilded Chamber") between the tiers of senior queen and junior queen.[1]

Ladies in waiting such as Apyo-daw (အပျိုတော်, "maiden") and Maung-ma (မောင်းမ, "handmaid") were part of the general staff of the palace.[2]

Senior queens

Each tier had further rankings within it. The order of precedence within the topmost tier was:[1]

RankTitleDescription
1.Nanmadaw Mibaya Khaunggyi (နန်းမတော် မိဖုရား ခေါင်ကြီး) or
Taung Nan Mibaya (တောင်နန်း မိဖုရား)
Chief Queen or
Queen of the Southern Palace
2.Myauk Nan Mibaya (မြောက်နန်း မိဖုရား)Queen of the Northern Palace
3.Ale Nan Mibaya (အလယ်နန်း မိဖုရား)Queen of the Central Palace
4.Anauk Nan Mibaya (အနောက်နန်း မိဖုရား)Queen of the Western Palace

Aside from a few rare exceptions, the Queen of the Southern Palace was the official chief queen consort.[note 2] In theory, the chief queen consort alone had the right to a white umbrella and to sit with the King on the royal throne.[3]

Junior queens

Queens of the Second Rank
RankTitleDescription
1Taung Hsaungdaw Mibaya (တောင်ဆောင်တော်မိဖုရား)Queen of the Southern Royal Apartment
2Myauk Hsaungdaw Mibaya (မြောက်ဆောင်တော်မိဖုရား)Queen of the Northern Royal Apartment
Queens of the Third Rank
RankTitleDescription
1Taung Shwe-Yay Mibaya (တောင်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား)Queen of the Southern Gilded Chamber
2Myauk Shwe-Yay Mibaya (မြောက်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား)Queen of the Northern Gilded Chamber
3Ale Shwe-Yay Mibaya (အလယ်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား)Queen of the Central Gilded Chamber
4Anauk Shwe-Yay Mibaya (အနောက်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား)Queen Of the Western Gilded Chamber
Queens of the Fourth Rank
RankTitleDescription
1Myo-za Mibaya (မြို့စား မိဖုရား)Queen with township-level appanage
2Ywa-za Mibaya (ရွာစား မိဖုရား)Queen with village-level appanage

Concubines

Concubines were called Ko-lok-taw (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်, lit. "one who administers to the royal body") or Chay-daw-din (ခြေတော်တင်, lit. "one on whom the royal feet are placed").[2]

Concubines
RankTitleDescription
1Ko-lok-taw Gyi (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်ကြီး)Senior Concubine
2Ko-lok-taw (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်)Concubine
3Chay-daw-din (ခြေတော်တင်)Concubine

Names

The names of the queens, if known, are given according to their most well known common name, which often happens to be the primary name used by the royal chronicles. The chronicle reported names of the queens may be their popular/commonly known name (e.g., Pwa Saw, Nanmadaw Me Nu); formal title (e.g., Agga Mahethi, Sanda Dewi); personal name (e.g., Shin Bo-Me, Yun San); or generic name of the office (Hanthawaddy Mibaya, "Queen of Hanthawaddy"; or Myauk Pyinthe, "Queen of the Northern Palace"). Finally, the names of the queens with no known records are given as "(Unknown)".

Duration of consortship

The "Became consort" and "Ceased to be consort" dates indicate the period in which a given queen was in the role of royal consort—not the duration of marriage.

Pagan dynasty

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Taung PyintheChief?1001Saw Rahan II[4]
Myauk PyintheNorth
Ale PyintheCenter
Taung PyintheChief1001c. 1014Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu[4][5]
Myauk PyintheNorth
c. 10141021
Ale PyintheCenter1001?
(Unknown)Chief1021c. 1 April 1038Kyiso
(Unknown)Chiefc. 1 April 103811 August 1044Sokkate[6]
Myauk PyintheNorth?August 1044
ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Agga MahethiChiefc. 1048c. 1077Anawrahta[note 3]
Saw Mon HlaNorthc. 1058c. 1071
ManisandaNorthc. 1070s11 April 1077
UsaukpanChief11 April 1077c. 1077/78Saw Lu[7]
ManisandaNorth
Chiefc. 1077/78c. April 1084
ApeyadanaChief21 April 108412th centuryKyansittha[note 4]
ManisandaNorthc. 1112/1113
Khin TanCenter
ThanbulaChiefc. 12th century
Yadanabon IChief1112/13c. 1050sSithu I[note 5]
Ti Lawka Sanda DewiCenter
Chiefc. 1050s1167
YazakumariWest1112/13?
Taung Pyinthe (Sithu I)South
Taung Pyinthe (Narathu)Chief1167c. February 1171Narathu[note 6]
Myauk Pyinthe (Narathu)North
Min Aung MyatChiefc. February 1171c. May 1174Naratheinkha[note 7]
Saw LatNorth
Saw AhlwanCenter
WeluwaddyWestc. April 1174
Chiefc. May 11741186Sithu II[note 8]
Min Aung MyatSouth1185?
Saw LatNorth1190s?
Saw AhlwanCenter
Taung Pyinthe II (Sithu II)Chiefc. 1190s18 August 1211
Myauk Pyinthe II (Sithu II)North
WadanthikaCenterc. 1190s
Saw Mya KanCenter18 August 1211
PwadawgyiChief18 August 1211c. 1231–35Htilominlo[8]
Myauk Pyinthe (Htilominlo)North
Saw Mi PyanCenter
Shin SawChiefc. 1231c. 1235Naratheinga Uzana[note 9]
Saw Min WaingNorth
Yaza DewiChief19 July 1235c. May 1251Kyaswa[9]
ThonlulaChiefc. May 1251c. May 1256Uzana[10]
Yadanabon IIChief6 May 12561262Narathihapate[note 10]
Pwa SawNorth
Chief12621 July 1287
Pwa Saw of ThitmahtiChief30 May 128917 December 1297Kyawswa[note 11]
Saw SoeNorth
Mi Saw UCenter

Small kingdoms

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Saw UChief17 December 129713 April 1310Athinkhaya[11]
(Unknown)Chiefc. 1312/13Yazathingyan
Mi Saw UChiefc. 17 December 12977 February 1313Thihathu[12]
YadanabonNorthc. 1300
ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Mi Saw UChief7 February 1313c. February 1325Thihathu[12]
YadanabonNorth
Atula Maha Dhamma DewiChiefc. February 13251 September 1340Uzana I[13]
Saw HtutChief1 September 134029 March 1344Sithu[14]
Atula Sanda DewiChief29 March 134412 December 1350Kyawswa I[15]
Mway MedawNorth
Saw OmmaChief12 December 135019 March 1359Kyawswa II[16]
19 March 1359May 1364Narathu
June 1364September 1364Uzana II
Saw SalaNorthJune 1364[17]
ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Saw HnaungChief15 May 13155 February 1327Saw Yun[9]
5 February 13271335/36Tarabya I
(Unknown)Chief1335/36c. August 1339Anawrahta I
Saw Pa OhChiefc. August 1339c. March 1349Kyaswa[17]
(Unknown)Chiefc. March 1349c. November 1349Anawrahta II
(Unknown)Chiefc. November 134923 February 1352Tarabya II
Soe Min KodawgyiChief23 February 1352April 1364Thihapate[17]

House of Myinsaing

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Saw Omma of PinyaChiefSeptember 1364c. 3 September 1367Thado Minbya[18]
Khame MiChief5 September 1367c. 1390sSwa Saw Ke[19]
Shin Saw GyiNorth
Chiefc. 1390sApril 1400
Saw Omma of SagaingCenter5 September 1367c. 1390s
Northc. 1390sApril 1400
Saw Taw OoWest5 September 1367c. 1390s
Centerc. 1390sApril 1400
Min Hla MyatChiefApril 140025 November 1400Tarabya[20]
Shin SawChief25 November 1400c. February 1422Minkhaung I[note 12]
Saw KhwayNorth
Min PyanCenter
Shin Mi-NaukWest25 November 1400July 1408
Shin Bo-Mec. August 1408c. October 1421
Saw Min HlaChiefc. October 1421August 1425Thihathu[21]
Shin Bo-MeNorth
Shin SawbuCenterc. January 1423
Shin Bo-MeChiefAugust 1425November 1425Min Hla[22]
by 9 November 142516 May 1426Min Nyo[23]
Shin Myat HlaChief16 May 1426April 1439Mohnyin Thado[24]
Shin Bo-MeNorth
Shin SawbuCenterby 31 August 14261429[25]
Min Hla NyetChiefby 26 April 1439January 1442Minye Kyawswa I[26]
Atula Thiri Maha Yaza DewiChiefby 11 March 144224 July 1468Narapati I[27]
Ameitta Thiri Maha Dhamma DewiChief24 July 1468c. August 1480Thihathura I[28]
Atula Thiri Dhamma DewiChiefc. August 14807 April 1501Minkhaung II[note 13]
Tanzaung Mibaya (Minkhaung II)North
Salin MinthamiChiefc. 1485/864 March 1501Thihathura II[note 14]
18 April 150114 March 1527Narapati II[note 15]
Salin Minthami LatNorthc. June 1501
Min Taya HnamadawNorthJuly 150114 March 1527
Dhamma DewiCenterFebruary 1502
Taungdwin MibayaWest

Confederation of Shan states

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
(Unknown)Chief14 March 1527c. January 1533Sao Long I[note 16]
(Unknown)Chiefc. January 1533May 1542Sao Hung Hpa
(Unknown)ChiefJune 1542c. September 1545Sao Hkun Mong
(Unknown)Chiefc. September 1545c. October 1551Narapati III
Narapati MibayaChiefc. October 155122 January 1555Narapati IV[29]
ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Saw Myat LayChief1482?Thado Minsaw[30]
Shwe Zin GonChiefFebruary 1527c. December 1532Bayin Htwe[31]
Chit MiNorth
Thiri Hpone HtutChiefc. December 1532c. February 1539Narapati[32]
c. February 153919 May 1542Minkhaung[33]
ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
May Hnin Thwe-DaChief30 January 1287c. 14 January 1307Wareru[34]
Shin Saw HlaNorth?c. 1293[35]
(Unknown)Chiefby 28 January 1307March 1311Hkun Law
May Hnin HtapiChief10 April 1311September 1323Saw O[36]
Sanda Min Hla IChiefby 28 September 1323April 1330Saw Zein[37]
May Hnin HtapiNorth
(Unknown)ChiefApril 1330April 1330Zein Pun
Sanda Min Hla IChiefApril 1330May 1330Saw E[38]
May 13301348Binnya E Law[38]
Tala Shin Saw BokNorthMay 13301348
Sanda Min Hla IIChief1348c. 1365Binnya U[note 17]
Hnin An DaungNorth
Chiefc. 13652 January 1384
Sanda DewiCenter1348c. 1365
Northc. 13652 January 1384
Thiri Yaza DewiWest1348c. 1365
Centerc. 13652 January 1384
Thiri Maya Dewi IWestc. 1365c. 28 January 1368
Piya Yaza DewiChief5 January 1384c. April 1392Razadarit[note 18]
Tala Mi DawNorthc. March 1390
Yaza DewiChiefc. April 1392c. 1421
Lawka DewiNorth
Thiri Maya Dewi IICenter
Mi Ta-LatPrincipal (Chief?)14211424Binnya Dhammaraza[39]
Yaza DewiChiefc. 1424c. 1446?Binnya Ran I[40][41]
Soe Min Wimala DewiPrincipal14311446
Ye MibayaChief144630 May 1451Binnya Waru[40]
(Unknown)Chief30 May 1451June 1453Binnya Kyan
(Unknown)ChiefJune 1453c. January 1451Leik Munhtaw
NoneN/Ac. January 14511471Shin Sawbu[note 19]
Yaza Dewi IIChief14711492Dhammazedi[42]
Wihara DewiChief
Agga Thiri Maya DewiChief1492?1526?Binnya Ran II[note 20]
Maha Yaza DewiNorth
Atula DewiPrincipal
Yaza Dewi IIIPrincipal
(Unknown)Chief15261539Taka Yut Pi[note 21]
Minkhaung MedawNorth?by 1535
(Unknown)ChiefJune 1550August 1550Smim Sawhtut
(Unknown)ChiefAugust 155012 March 1552Smim Htaw

House of Launggyet

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Saw Sit IIChiefMay 14299 May 1433Saw Mon[43]Saw PyaukNorth14309 May 1433Saw Mon[44]
Saw PabaChief9 May 1433c. January 1459Khayi[45]
Saw PyinsaNorth
Saw Yin MiCenter1437
Saw NandiChiefc. January 14595 August 1482Saw Phyu[46]
Saw HtinNorth
Thu RakhaingChief5 August 1482c. February 1492Dawlya[47]
Shwe EintheNorth
Saw Htwe MeChiefc. February 1492c. January 1494Saw Nyo[47]
Saw NandiNorth
Min GahnaCenter
Saw Shin SawChiefc. January 1494c. July 1494Ran Aung[47]
Saw Mi SawChiefc. July 1494February 1502Salingathu[48]
Saw ThubaChiefFebruary 1502c. November 1513Raza I[48]
Shin PwaNorth
Shin PyoCenter
Saw ThuzaChiefc. November 1513January 1515Gazapati[49]
Taung Nan MibayaChiefJanuary 1515July 1515Saw O[50]
Saw NanzetChiefJuly 1515c. April 1421Thazata[50]
c. April 142127 May 1531Minkhaung
Saw Min HlaChief27 May 153111 January 1554Min Bin[note 22]
Saw Kauk Ma INorth
Minkhaung MedawCenter?by 1540
Saw ThandaChief11 January 15546 March 1556Dikkha[51]
Saw Mi LatNorth
Saw Kauk Ma IICenter
Saw Hpone HtutChief6 March 155624 July 1564Saw Hla[note 23]
Saw ThandaNorth
Dhamma Dewi IChief24 July 15641565–68Sekkya[note 24]
Saw ThandaNorth
Chief1565–687 February 1572
Saw Mi TawChief7 February 15724 July 1593Phalaung[note 25]
Saw ThandaSouth
Shin Lat ICenter
Saw UNorth
Wizala DewiChief4 July 15934 July 1612Raza II[note 26]
Pyinsala SandaNorth?
Thupaba DewiCenter
Zalaka DewiWest
Khin Ma HnaungNorth?19 December 15994 July 1612?
Saw PhyuCenter?c. 17th century
Dhamma Dewi IIChief4 July 161214 May 1622Khamaung[52]
Shin HtweNorth
Thupaba DewiCenter
Natshin MeChief14 May 162229 May 1638Thiri Thudhamma I[53]
Hmauk Taw Ma INorth
Win LonCenter1630s?
Chief29 May 163817 June 1638Sanay[54]

Late Mrauk-U

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Natshin MeChief17 June 163813 December 1645Narapati[55]
Yadana IChief13 December 1645May 1652Thado[note 27]
Shin Lat IISouth
Saw Bo-MeNorth
Saw PhyuWest
Yadana IIChiefMay 165211 June 1674Sanda Thudhamma[56]
Thuwana KalayaChief11 June 167416 April 1685Thiri Thudhamma II[57]
ThukommaChief16 April 168520 June 1692Wara Dhamma[note 28]
ThubaraChief20 June 16927 November 1693Mani Thudhamma[note 29]
ThukommaChief7 November 16933 February 1694Wara Dhamma
ThubaraChief20 December 169417 February 1695Sanda Thuriya I
ThukommaChief17 February 169511 April 1696Wara Dhamma
ThubaraChief11 April 16964 August 1696Sanda Thuriya I
ThukhumaChief4 August 169618 August 1696Nawrahta[58]
EindamaChief18 August 169613 May 1697Marompiya[58]
Pwa MeChief13 May 16975 June 1698Kalamandat[59]
Nan Htet Mibaya IChief5 June 169817 June 1700Naradipati I[59]
Pwa SawChief17 June 170030 March 1707Sanda Wimala I[59]
Pwa ThwayChief3 April 1707August 1710Sanda Thuriya II[60]
Shwe KuChiefAugust 1710October 1719Sanda Wizaya I[61]
(Unknown)ChiefOctober 1719April 1731
Hmauk Taw Ma IIChiefApril 17311734Sanda Thuriya III[62]
Nan Htet Mibaya IIChief17341735Naradipati II[63]
1735August 1737Narapawara
August 173725 March 1738Sanda Wizaya II
Shwe YiChief28 March 17386 February 1743Madarit[64]
Saw Thanda IIChief6 February 174328 October 1761Nara Apaya[64]
Tanzaung MibayaChief28 October 17613 February 1762Thirithu[65]
Aung Kyawt SanChief3 February 17621 May 1764Sanda Parama[65]
Saw Shwe KyaChief1 May 176417 January 1774Apaya[66]
Pan ThuzaChief17 January 177422 April 1777Sanda Thumana[67]
Ma Me GyiNorth27 August 1775
Da PhyuChief23 April 17772 June 1777Sanda Wimala II[68]
Sein KhaingCenter?
Chief2 June 1777June 1778Sanda Thaditha[69]
Aung MeSouth3 November 1782
Chi MeChief11 June 1778
Saw Me PonChief4 November 17822 January 1785Maha Thammada[70]

House of Toungoo

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Soe Min Hteik-TinChief16 October 151024 November 1530?Mingyi Nyo[71]
Thiri Maha Sanda DewiNorth
Yadana DewiCenter
Maha DewiWest
Dhamma DewiChief24 November 153030 April 1550Tabinshwehti[note 30]
Khin MyatNorth
Khay Ma NawCo-chiefc. May 1545
Atula ThiriChief30 April 155015 June 1568Bayinnaung[72]
Sanda DewiNorthApril 1553
Chief15 June 156810 October 1581
Yaza DewiCenter17 March 156313 September 1564
Hanthawaddy MibayaChief10 October 158119 December 1599Nanda[note 31]
Min PhyuSouthc. 5 May 15834 May 1596
Thiri Yaza DewiNorth19 December 1599
Min HtweCenter
Min Taya MedawWestc. 1583

House of Nyaungyan

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Khin Hpone MyintChief19 December 15995 November 1605Nyaungyan[72]
Atula Sanda Dewi IChief8 February 16099 July 1628Anaukpetlun[73]
Khin Hnin PawChief9 July 162819 August 1629Minye Deibba[note 32]
Khin Myo SitChief19 August 162927 August 1648Thalun[74]
Atula Sanda Dewi IIChief27 August 16483 June 1661Pindale[75]
Min PhyuChief3 June 166114 April 1672Pye[76]
NoneN/A14 April 167227 February 1673Narawara[note 33]
Atula Thiri Maha DewiChief27 February 16734 May 1698Minye Kyawhtin[77]
Sanda DewiNorth
Yaza DewiCenter
Maha DewiChief4 May 169822 August 1714Sanay[78]
Thiri DewiNorth
Nanda DewiCenter
Thiri Maha Mingala DewiChief22 August 171414 November 1733Taninganway[79]
Thiri Sanda DewiNorth
Thiri Dhamma DewiCenter
Maha Nanda Dipadi DewiChief14 November 173322 March 1752Maha Dhamma Yaza Dipadi[80]
Maha Yaza Dipadi DewiNorth
Maha Dipadi DewiCenter

Restored Hanthawaddy

ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Thiri SeittaChiefc. January 1741January 1747Smim Htaw[note 34]
Hanthawaddy Mibaya IIChiefJanuary 17476 May 1757Binnya Dala[note 35]
Thiri Zeya Mingala DewiNorth22 March 175229 December 1756
ConsortRankBecame consortCeased to be consortSpouseNotes
Yun SanChief29 February 175211 May 1760Alaungpaya[81]
Maha Mingala Yadana DewiChief11 May 176028 November 1763Naungdawgyi[82]
Mingala DewiNorth
Thiri Atula Maha Yadana Padomma DewiChief28 November 176310 June 1776Hsinbyushin[83]
Thiri Thuriya Nanda Maha Mingala DewiNorth
Maha Mingala Sanda Dewi ICenter
Maha Yadana Sanda DewiChief10 June 17765 February 1782Singu[84]
Thiri Maha Mingala Dewi INorthc. 20 May 1777
Thiri Maha Nanda DewiCenter
Northc. 20 May 17775 February 1782
Maha Mingala Sanda Dewi IICenter
Thiri Sanda MahayWest
Shin Paik ThaungChief5 February 178211 February 1782Phaungka[citation needed]
Thiri Nanda DewiNorth
Mingala Yadana DewiChief11 February 178224 February 1807Bodawpaya[85]
Thiri Maha Sandabi Yadana Dewi INorth4 January 1807
Thiri Maha Nandabi Yadana Dewi ICenter3 September 1789
Thiri Maha Mingala Dewi IICenter3 September 17895 June 1819
Thiri Maha Yadana Dewi INorth4 January 180710 July 1812
Nanmadaw Me NuChief5 June 181915 April 1837Bagyidaw[86]
Thiri Kalaya Sanda DewiNorth3 November 181923 February 1824
Thiri Paba Malla DewiCenterFebruary 1824
Thiri Maha Mingala Dewi IIINorth23 February 182415 April 1837
Thiri Maha Sanda DewiCenter
Thiri Malla Yadana MahayWest
Thiri Pawara Ti Lawka Maha Yadana Padomma DewiChief15 April 183717 November 1846Tharrawaddy[87]
Thiri Maha Nandabi Yadana Dewi IINorth
Thiri Maha Sandabi Yadana Dewi IICenter
Thiri Thu Yadana Dewi IIWestc. 16 October 1845
Thiri Ti Lawka Maha Yadana DewiChief17 November 184618 February 1853Pagan[88]
Thiri Maha Yadana Dewi IINorth
Thiri Ti Lawka Atula Yadana DewiCenter
Thiri Thu Yadana Mingala DewiCenter
Thiri Pawara Maha Yazeinda Yadana DewiChief26 March 185312 November 1876Mindon[89]
Thiri Maha Yadana Mingala DewiNorth3 May 1872
Maha Yazeinda Dipadi Padomma Yadana DewiCenter1 October 1878
Thiri Maha Thu Sanda DewiWest26 July 1855
Thiri Maha Yadana DewiWest26 July 18551 October 1878
SupayagyiChief30 October 187812 April 1879Thibaw[note 36]
SupayalatNorth18 November 1878
Chief12 April 187929 November 1885

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

  • Athwa, Sayadaw (1923) [1785]. Slapat Rajawan (in Burmese). Yangon: Burma Publishing Workers Association Press.
  • Aung-Thwin, Michael A.; Maitrii Aung-Thwin (2012). A History of Myanmar Since Ancient Times (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-1-86189-901-9.
  • Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.
  • Ba Shin, Bo-Hmu (1982) [1966]. "The Pwa Saws of Bagan" (PDF). Burma Historical Research Department Silver Jubilee Publication (in Burmese). Yangon: University of Yangon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Hla Pe, U (1985). Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9971-988-00-5.
  • Htin Aung, Maung (1970). Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles. Oxford: The Asoka Society.
  • Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Lieberman, Victor B. (2014) [1984]. Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05407-X.
  • Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Maung Maung Tin, U (1905). Konbaung Set Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Department of Universities History Research, University of Yangon.
  • Pan Hla, Nai (2005) [1968]. Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
  • Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1931). Rakhine Razawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–2 (1997–1999 ed.). Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay.
  • Scott, J. George (1900). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. Vol. 2. Rangoon: Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma.
  • Sein Lwin Lay, Kahtika U (2006) [1968]. Mintaya Shwe Hti and Bayinnaung: Ketumadi Taungoo Yazawin (in Burmese) (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Yan Aung Sarpay.
  • Than Tun (December 1959). "History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400". Journal of Burma Research Society. XLII (II).
  • Than Tun (1964). Studies in Burmese History (in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.
  • Yi Yi (1982) [1960]. "Life at the Burmese Court under the Konbaung Kings" (PDF). Burma Historical Research Department Silver Jubilee Publication. Yangon: University of Yangon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-21.