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'50s progression

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The '50s progression (also known as the "Heart and Soul" chords, the "Stand by Me" changes,[1][2] the doo-wop progression[3]: 204  and the "ice cream changes"[4]) is a chord progression and turnaround used in Western popular music. The progression, represented in Roman numeral analysis, is: I–vi–IV–V. For example, in C major: C–Am–F–G. As the name implies, it was common in the 1950s and early 1960s and is particularly associated with doo-wop. The first popular song to use the progression was Blue Moon, written in 1934. This inspired Heart and Soul in 1938.

{\relative c' { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key c \major <c e g>1_\markup { \concat { \translate #'(-3.5 . 0) { "C: I" \hspace #7 "vi" \hspace #6 "IV" \hspace #6 "V" \hspace #7 "I" } } } <a c e a> <f c' f a> <g b d g> <c e g> \bar "||"} }
A '50s progression in C

Theory

In Western classical music during the common practice period, chord progressions are used to structure a musical composition. The destination of a chord progression is known as a cadence, or two chords that signify the end or prolongation of a musical phrase. The most conclusive and resolving cadences return to the tonic or I chord; following the circle of fifths, the most suitable chord to precede the I chord is a V chord. This particular cadence, V–I, is known as an authentic cadence. However, since a I–V–I progression is repetitive and skips most of the circle of fifths, it is common practice to precede the dominant chord with a suitable predominant chord, such as a IV chord or a ii chord (in major), in order to maintain interest. In this case, the 50s progression uses a IV chord, resulting in the ubiquitous I–IV–V–I progression. The vi chord before the IV chord in this progression (creating I–vi–IV–V–I) is used as a means to prolong the tonic chord, as the vi or submediant chord is commonly used as a substitute for the tonic chord, and to ease the voice leading of the bass line: in a I–vi–IV–V–I progression (without any chordal inversions) the bass voice descends in major or minor thirds from the I chord to the vi chord to the IV chord.

Variations

As with any other chord progression, there are many possible variations, for example turning the dominant or V into a V7, or repeated I–vi progression followed by a single IV–V progression. A very common variation is having ii substitute for the subdominant, IV, creating the progression I–vi–ii–V (a variant of the circle progression) and thus the ii–V–I turnaround.[citation needed]

50s progression in C – harmonic rhythmtwo beatfour beateight beat

variable

Variations include switching the vi and the IV chord to create I–IV–vi–V, as is used in "More Than a Feeling" by Boston[5] and "She Drives Me Crazy" by Fine Young Cannibals.[6][7] This is also similar to the I–V–vi–IV progression.[citation needed]

The harmonic rhythm, or the pace at which the chords occur, may be varied including two beats (half-measure) per chord, four (full measure or bar), eight (two measures), and eight beats per chord except for IV and V(7) which get four each.[3]: 206 

"Sleep Walk" by Santo & Johnny uses a similar progression, with the IV replaced by its parallel minor iv for an overall progression of I–vi–iv–V.[citation needed]

Examples in popular music

This is a partial list of recorded songs containing the '50s progression. The list does not include songs containing the progression for very short, irrelevant sections of the songs. In some cases, such as "Blue Moon", it includes notable remade recordings of songs ("covers") by other artists; but mostly the songs are shown in their original versions.

TitleArtistYearProgression
"Hero"Enrique Iglesias2001I–vi–IV–V
"The KKK Took My Baby Away"Ramones1981I–vi–IV–V
"Oh, Pretty Woman"Roy Orbison; Roy Orbison, Bill Dees (writers)1964I–vi–IV–V
"Ain't I Right"Marty Robbins1966I–vi–IV–V
"A Teenager in Love"Dion and the Belmonts; Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman (writers)1959I–vi–IV–V
"Angel Baby"Rosie and the Originals1960I–vi–IV–V
"Aku Yang Tersakiti"Judika2010I–vi–IV–V
"All I Have to Do Is Dream"The Everly Brothers1958I–vi–IV–V
"All Right"Christopher Cross1983I–vi–ii–V
"Baby"Justin Bieber2010I–vi–IV–V
"Baby Doll"The Buttertones2016I–vi–IV–V
"Bad Girl"The Detroit Cobras1996I–vi–IV–V
"Baby, I'm an Anarchist!"Against Me!2002I–vi–IV–V
"Beautiful Girls"Sean Kingston2007I–vi–IV–V
"Beyond the Sea"[8]Jack Lawrence and Charles Trenet1946I–vi–IV–V
"Blank Space"Taylor Swift2014I–vi–IV–V (verses)
"Bleeding Love"Leona Lewis2007I–vi–IV–V
"Blue Moon"The Marcels1961I–vi–IV–V
"Body Feels EXIT"Namie Amuro1995vi–IV–V–I
"Body Say"[9]Demi Lovato2016IV–V–I–vi (chorus)
"Boom Clap"[10]Charli XCX2014IV–V–I–vi
"Boys (Summertime Love)Sabrina1987IV–V–I–vi (pre-chorus)
"Boyfriend"Boyfriend2011I–vi–IV–V
"Brave"Sara Bareilles2013I–vi–IV–V (verse and chorus)
"Brave as a Noun"Andrew Jackson Jihad2007I–vi–IV–V
"Bristol Stomp"The Dovells1961I–vi–IV–V
"Breaking Up Is Hard To Do"Neil Sedaka1962I–vi–IV–V
"Brokenhearted"Karmin2012I–vi–IV–V
"Burberry Headband"Lil Mosey2018I–vi–IV–V
"Capital Radio"The Clash1977I–vi–IV–V
Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)Darlene Love1963I–vi–IV–V
"Chain Gang"[11]Sam Cooke1960I–vi–IV–V
"Close Your Eyes"Meghan Trainor2014I–vi–IV–V
"Cobalah untuk Setia"[citation needed]Krisdayanti2004I–vi–IV–V
"Complicated"Avril Lavigne2002I–vi–IV–V (verses)
"Coney Island Baby"The Excellents1962I–vi–IV–V
"Cradle Rock"The Heartbreakers (Ray Collins/ Frank Zappa)1963I–vi–IV–V
"Crocodile Rock"[12]Elton John1972I–vi–IV–V
"Cupid"Fifty Fifty2023ii–V–I–vi
"Can't Stop Lovin' You"Van Halen1995I–vi–IV–V
"Da Doo", "Dentist"Little Shop of Horrors (musical) Original Broadway Cast1982I–vi–IV–V
"Dance with Me Tonight"Olly Murs2011I–vi–IV–V
"Dear Future Husband"Meghan Trainor2015I–vi–IV–V
"Di Dadaku Ada Kamu"[citation needed]Vina Panduwinata1984ii–V–I–vi
"Donna"[13]Ritchie Valens1958I–vi–IV–V
"Don't Dream It's Over"[14]Crowded House1986IV–V–I–vi
"Don't Say Your Love Is Killing Me"Erasure1997I–vi–IV–V
"Double Shot (Of My Baby's Love)"The Swingin' Medallions1966I–vi–IV–V
"Duke of Earl"[15]Gene Chandler1962I–vi–IV–V
"Dura"Daddy Yankee2018I–vi–IV–V
"D'yer Mak'er"Led Zeppelin1973I–vi–IV–V
"Earth Angel"[13][16]The Penguins1954I–vi–IV–V
"Endless Mine"Sega1994I−vi−IV−V
"Enola Gay (song)"Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark1980I–vi–IV–V
"Epiphany"BTS2018I–vi–IV–V
"Escape From The City"Ted Poley2001I–vi–IV–V
"Eternal Flame"[17]The Bangles/Atomic Kitten1989/2001I–vi–IV–V
"Every Breath You Take"The Police1983I–vi–IV–V
"Eyes of Blue"[18]Paul Carrack1995I–vi–IV–V
"Eyes on Me"Faye Wong1999I–vi–IV–V
"Flightless Bird, American Mouth"Iron & Wine2007I–vi–IV–V
"Flying Without WingsWestlife1999I–vi–IV–V
"For Your Precious Love"[19]Jerry Butler1958I–vi–IV–V
"Friday"[20]Rebecca Black2011I–vi–IV–V
"Give a Little Love"[21]Bay City Rollers1975I–vi–IV–V
"Go Cry On Somebody Else's Shoulder"The Mothers of Invention1966I–vi–IV–V
"Girl on Fire"Alicia Keys2011I–vi–IV–V
"God Is in the Rhythm"King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard2015I–vi–IV–V
"Happiness Is a Warm Gun"[15][22]The Beatles1968I–vi–IV–V
"Have It All"Jason Mraz2018I–vi–IV–V
"Hazure03"Kazumi Totaka[23] (Animal Crossing: New Horizons)2020I–vi–ii–V
"Heart and Soul"[24]Larry Clinton feat. Bea Wain1938I–vi–IV–V
"I'll Be Missing You"Puff Daddy feat. Faith Evans & 1121997I–vi–IV–V
"I'll Make Love to You"Boyz II Men1994I–vi–IV–V
"I'm the One"DJ Khaled2017I–vi–IV–V
"I'm Waiting for the Day"The Beach Boys1966I–vi–IV–V
"I Always Knew"The Vaccines2012I–vi–IV–V
"I Love You Too Much"The Book of Life (soundtrack)2014I–vi–IV–V
"Ima, Kimi wo Omou"[25]HKT482014vi–IV–V–I
"In the Aeroplane Over the Sea"[26]Neutral Milk Hotel1998I–vi–IV–V
"In The Shape Of A Heart"Jackson Browne1986I–vi–IV–V
"In the Still Of the Night"The Five Satins1956I–vi–IV–V
"I Wanna Be With You"The Raspberries1974I–vi–IV–V
"I Will Always Love You"Dolly Parton / Whitney Houston1974/1992I–vi–IV–V
"Jesus of Suburbia"[27][28]Green Day2004I–vi–IV–V
"Joey"Concrete Blonde1990I–vi–IV–V
"Just One Look"Doris Troy "[29]1963I–vi–IV–V
"Judas (Lady Gaga song)Lady Gaga2011IV–V–I–vi
"Just the Way You Are"Bruno Mars2010I–vi–IV–I
"Kimberly"Patti Smith1975I–vi–IV–V
"Last Kiss"[30]Wayne Cochran1961I–vi–IV–V
"Looking for an Echo"Kenny Vance / Ol' 551975/1976I–vi–IV–V
"Lollipop"[31]Ronald & Ruby1958I–vi–IV–V
"Lonely This Christmas"[32]Mud1974I–vi–IV–V
"Lovable"[33][34]Sam Cooke1956I–vi–IV–V
"Love Hurts"The Everly Brothers / Nazareth1960/1974I–vi–IV–V
"Making Love Out Of Nothing At All"Air Supply1982I–vi–IV–V
"Lupa Lupa Ingat"Kuburan2009I–vi–ii–V
"Mama I'm A Big Girl Now"Hairspray Original Broadway Cast2002I–vi–IV–V
"Mandy"Barry Manilow1974I–vi–IV–V
"Marathon"Tennis2011I–vi–IV–V
"Marvin Gaye"Charlie Puth and Meghan Trainor2015I–vi–IV–V
"Me!"Taylor Swift ft. Brendon Urie2019I–vi–IV–V
"Messin' Around"Pitbull2016I–vi–IV–V
"Don't Dream It, Be It"The Rocky Horror Picture Show1975I–vi–IV–V
"Hangin' Out with Jim"GG Allin1988I–vi–IV–V
"Million Reasons"Lady Gaga2016I–vi–IV–V
"Modern Girl"Sleater Kinney2005I–vi–IV–V
"Monster Mash"Bobby Pickett1962I–vi–IV–V
"My Broken Friend"John DiMaggio featuring Beck2001I–vi–IV–V
"Never Be the Same"Christopher Cross1980I–vi–ii–V
"No Hay Pedo"Banda Los Recoditos2014I–vi–IV–V
"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now"Starship1987I–vi–IV–V
"Octopus's Garden"The Beatles1969I–vi–IV–V
"Oh True Love"Everly Brothers1960I–vi–IV–V
"Bobby Brown"Frank Zappa1979I–vi–IV–V
"Hang Fire"The Rolling Stones1981I–vi–IV–V
"Saturday Night"The Misfits1999I–vi–IV–V
"Oliver's Army"[35]Elvis Costello1979I–vi–IV–V
"Perfect"[36]Ed Sheeran2017I–vi–IV–V
"Please Mr. Postman"The Marvelettes1961I–vi–IV–V
"Pretty Little Angel Eyes"Curtis Lee1961I–vi–IV–V
"Prove It"Television1977I–vi–IV–V
"Red Cadillac and a Black Moustache"Warren Smith1957I–vi–IV–V
"Rinky Dink"Dave "Baby" Cortez/ Booker T & the MGs1962I–vi–IV–V
"Rude"Magic!2013IV–V–I–vi
"Runaround Sue"Dion1961I–vi–IV–V
"Som Sarn"Loso1998I–vi–IV–V
"Stand by Me"[37][38]Ben E. King1961I–vi–IV–V
"Suara (Ku Berharap)"Hijau Daun2008I–vi–IV–V (verse)
"Surti Tejo"Jamrud2000I–vi–IV–V
"Sweat (A La La La La Long)"Inner Circle1992I–vi–ii–V
"Sympathique"Pink Martini1997I–vi–ii–V
"Telephone Line"Electric Light Orchestra1976I–vi–IV–V
"Tell Me Why"The Beatles1964I–vi–IV–V
"The Man Comes Around"Johnny Cash2002I–vi–IV–V
"The Thin Ice"Pink Floyd1979I–vi–IV–V
"This Boy"The Beatles1963I–vi–ii–V
"This is Me"Keala Settle2018I–vi–IV–V
"This Magic Moment"[39]The Drifters1960I–vi–IV–V
"Those Magic Changes"[40]Sha Na Na1978I–vi–IV–V
"(Tired Of) Toein' The Line"Rocky Burnette1980I–vi–IV–V
"Title Theme"Hirokazu Tanaka (Dr. Mario)1990I–vi–IV–V
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"Bonnie Tyler1983I–vi–IV–V
"Twistin' the Night Away"Sam Cooke1962I–vi–IV–V
"Mr. Bass Man"Johnny Cymbal1961I–vi–IV–V
"True Blue"[41]Madonna1986I–vi–IV–V
"Unchained Melody"The Righteous Brothers1955I–vi–IV–V
"Victoria's Secret"Jax2022I–vi–IV–V
"We Almost Had A Baby"Emmy the Great2009I–vi–IV–V
"Walking In Memphis"Marc Cohn1991IV–V-I–vi
"We Are Young"Fun ft. Janelle Monáe2011I–vi–IV–V
"We Go Together"[42]John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John1972I–vi–IV–V
"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"Pete Seeger1955I–vi–IV–V
"Who Put the Bomp (in the Bomp, Bomp, Bomp)"Barry Mann1961I–vi–IV–V
"Perfidia"Alberto Domínguez, Glenn Miller1939I–vi–ii–V
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love"Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers1956I–vi–IV–V
"You Don't Own Me"[43]Lesley Gore1963I–vi–IV–V (chorus)
"Your Reality"[44]Dan Salvato2017I–vi–IV–V

Examples in classical music

Instances of the I–vi–IV–V progression date back to the 17th century, for example, the ostinato bass line of Dieterich Buxtehude's setting of Psalm 42, Quem admodum desiderat cervus, BuxWV 92:

Buxtehude, Psalm 42 "Quem ad modum desiderat cervis"
Buxtehude, Psalm 42 "Quem ad modum desiderat cervis"

The opening of J. S. Bach's Cantata "Wachet Auf":

J. S. Bach Cantata BWV140, orchestral introduction to the opening chorus
J. S. Bach Cantata BWV140, orchestral introduction to the opening chorus

The progression is found frequently in works by Mozart. At the end of the slow movement of his Piano Concerto No. 24, K. 491, the progression is spelled out in arpeggios played by the bassoon:

Mozart, Piano Concerto K. 491, closing bars of the slow movement
Mozart, Piano Concerto K. 491, closing bars of the slow movement

The opening of his Piano Concerto No. 22, K. 482 extends the progression in a particularly subtle way, making use of suspensions:

Mozart Piano Concerto K. 482, opening bars
Mozart Piano Concerto K. 482, opening bars

Eric Blom (1935, p. 227) hears this passage as "the height of cunning contrivance resulting in what is apparently quite simple and obvious, but what could have occurred to nobody else."[45]

See also

Sources

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