Paraphilias are sexual interests in objects, situations, or individuals that are atypical. The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM), draws a distinction between paraphilias (which it describes as atypical sexual interests) and paraphilic disorders (which additionally require the experience of distress, impairment in functioning, and/or the desire to act on them with a nonconsenting person).[1][2] Some paraphilias have more than one term to describe them, and some terms overlap with others. Paraphilias without DSM codes listed come under DSM 302.9, "Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)".
| Paraphilia | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
In his 2008 book on sexual pathologies, Anil Aggrawal compiled a list of 547 terms describing paraphilic sexual interests. He cautioned, however, that "not all these paraphilias have necessarily been seen in clinical setups. This may not be because they do not exist, but because they are so innocuous they are never brought to the notice of clinicians or dismissed by them. Like allergies, sexual arousal may occur from anything under the sun, including the sun."[3]
Most of the following names for paraphilias, constructed in the nineteenth and especially twentieth centuries from Greek and Latin roots (see List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes), are used in medical contexts only.
Paraphilias
A
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Abasiophilia | People with impaired mobility.[4] |
| Acrotomophilia | People with amputations.[5][6] |
| Adipophilia (fat fetishism) | Overweight or obese people.[7] |
| Agalmatophilia | Statues, mannequins and immobility.[8] |
| Algolagnia | Pain, particularly involving an erogenous zone; differs from masochism as there is a biologically different interpretation of the intense sensation rather than a subjective interpretation.[9] |
| Amaurophilia | Being unable to see.[10][11][12] |
| Amokoscisia | To slash and mutilate women.[13] |
| Andromimetophilia | Trans men.[4][14] |
| Anililagnia | Attraction by young men to older women.[15] |
| Anthropophagolagnia | Raping and then cannibalizing another person.[16] |
| Anthropophagy | Ingesting human flesh.[16] |
| Apotemnophilia | Being an amputee.[5][17] |
| Aquaphilia | A sexual fetish that involves people swimming, posing, or even drowning in water. |
| Asphyxiophilia | Being asphyxiated or strangled.[5] |
| Attraction to disability | People with one or more physical disabilities.[18] |
| Autagonistophilia | Being on stage or on camera.[19][20] |
| Autassassinophilia | Being in life-threatening situations.[5] |
| Autoandrophilia | Sexual arousal of a female in response to the image of herself as male.[21] |
| Autoerotic asphyxiation | Self-induced asphyxiation, sometimes to the point of near unconsciousness.[20] |
| Autogynephilia | Sexual arousal of a male in response to the image of himself as female.[21] |
| Autohemofetishism | Making oneself bleed, a type of hematolagnia.[22] |
| Autonepiophilia | The image of oneself in the form of an infant.[19] |
| Autopedophilia | The image of oneself in the form of a child.[23] |
| Autoplushophilia | The image of oneself in the form of a plush.[23] |
| Autovampirism/Vampirism | The image of oneself in the form of a vampire.[24][25][26] Involves ingesting or seeing one's own blood.[22] |
| Autozoophilia | The image of oneself in the form of an animal.[27][28] |
B
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Belly fetish/Alvinolagnia | The midriff or belly. |
| Biastophilia/Raptophilia | Raping a person, possibly consensual rape fantasy. |
| Rope Fetish/Bondage | The thought of or the action of being tied up. |
C
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Candaulism | Exposing one's partner or images of their partner to others. |
| Canophilia | Dogs.[29] |
| Capnolagnia | Smoking.[30] |
| Cheirophilia | Hands. |
| Chremastistophilia | Being robbed or held up.[19] |
| Chronophilia | Partners of a widely differing chronological age.[19] |
| Coprophilia | Feces; also known as scat, scatophilia or fecophilia.[2][31] |
| Crurophilia | Legs.[32] |
| Cuckolding fetish | Infidelity.[33] |
D
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Dacryphilia | Tears or crying.[34] |
| Diaper fetishism | Diapers; considerable overlap with paraphilic infantilism.[35] |
| Dendrophilia | Trees.[5] |
| Dormaphilia/Somnophilia | Being asleep, or pretending to sleep.[36] |
E
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Emetophilia | Vomit.[4] |
| Eproctophilia | Flatulence.[3] |
| Erotic asphyxiation | Asphyxia of oneself or others.[37] |
| Erotophonophilia/Dacnolagnomania | Murder, often of strangers.[16] |
| Exhibitionism | Exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting and nonconsenting others.[2] |
| Exophilia | Extraterrestrials.[38] |
F
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Feederism | Eating, feeding, and weight gain.[39] |
| Fictophilia | Fictional characters.[40] |
| Formicophilia | Being crawled on by insects.[19][41] |
| Forniphilia | Turning a human being into a piece of furniture. |
| Frotteurism | Rubbing against a non-consenting person.[2] |
G
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Gerontophilia | Elderly people.[42] |
| Gynandromorphophilia/Gynemimetophilia | Transgender women.[4][43] |
| Galactophilia | Breastfeeding or sucking on a woman's breasts.[44] |
| Gynephilia | Females or femininity, regardless of one's own sex or gender identity.[45] |
H
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Hematolagnia | Drinking or looking at blood.[46] |
| Heterophilia | Idealization of heterosexuality and/or people who are "straight-acting", especially by non-heterosexual people.[47][48][49] |
| Hierophilia | Religious/sacred objects.[12] |
| Hoplophilia | Firearms, guns.[50] |
| Hybristophilia | Criminals, particularly those who committed cruel or outrageous crimes.[19][51] |
I
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Infantophilia | Children less than five years old; a recently suggested term that is not in general use.[52] |
| Impregnation fetishism | The event of being impregnated or impregnating another person.[53] |
K
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Kleptophilia | Stealing; also known as kleptolagnia.[4] |
| Klismaphilia | Enemas, arousal and enjoyment in receiving, administering, or both.[4][54] |
| Knismolagnia | Tickling.[55] |
L
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Lactophilia | Breast milk.[56] |
| Liquidophilia | Immersing genitals in liquids.[56] |
M
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Macrophilia | Giant beings; imagined growth of beings.[56] |
| Maschalagnia | Armpits.[3] |
| Mazophilia | Female breasts. |
| Masochism | Suffering or humiliation; being beaten, bound, or otherwise abused.[2] |
| Maiesiophilia | Pregnant women.[57] |
| Mechanophilia | Cars or other machines; also "mechaphilia".[58][59][60] |
| Melolagnia | Music.[61] |
| Menophilia | Menstruation.[56] |
| Metrophilia | Poetry.[61] |
| Microphilia | Shrunken beings; imagined shrinking of beings.[56] |
| Morphophilia | Particular body shapes or sizes.[20] |
| Mucophilia | Mucus.[56] |
| Mysophilia | Dirtiness, soiled or decaying things.[4] |
N
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Narratophilia | Obscene words.[4] |
| Nasophilia | Noses.[56] |
| Navel fetishism | Navel. |
| Nebulophilia | Fog or smoke.[62] |
| Necrophilia | Corpses.[2][4][63] |
O
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Objectophilia | Specific inanimate objects.[2] |
| Oculolinctus | The act of licking the eyes of another person for the purpose of gratification. |
| Odaxelagnia | Biting or being bitten. |
| Olfactophilia/Bromidrophilia | Smells and odors (particularly foul ones) emanating from the body, especially the sexual areas and/or from the opposite sex (as from bad breath, urine, feces, flatulence, etc.).[4][19] |
| Omorashi | Having a full bladder and/or wetting oneself, or from seeing someone else experiencing a full bladder and/or wetting themself. |
P
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Paraphilic infantilism | Dressing or being treated like a baby, also known as autonepiophilia[19] or "adult baby syndrome";[64] considerable overlap with diaper fetishism.[35] |
| Partialism | Specific, non-genital body parts.[2][4] |
| Pedophilia | Prepubescent children; also spelled paedophilia.[2][65] |
| Peodeiktophilia | Exposing one's private parts.[5] |
| Pedovestism | Dressing like a child.[66] |
| Podophilia | Feet.[67] |
| Pictophilia | Pornography or erotic art, particularly pictures.[4][19] |
| Piquerism | Piercing the flesh of another person, most commonly by stabbing or cutting the body with sharp objects.[68] |
| Plushophilia | Stuffed toys ("plushies").[69] |
| Pygophilia | Buttocks.[70] |
| Pyrophilia | Fire.[71] |
R
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Robophilia | Humanoid robots. |
S
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Salirophilia | Soiling or dirtying others.[4] |
| Sexual fetishism | Nonliving objects.[2] |
| Sexual sadism | Inflicting pain on others.[2] |
| Shoe fetishism | Shoes, especially high heels. |
| Somnophilia | Sleeping or unconscious people.[4][19] |
| Sophophilia | Learning.[72] |
| Sthenolagnia | Muscles and displays of strength.[56] |
| Stigmatophilia | Body piercings and tattoos.[5][56] |
| Symphorophilia | Witnessing or staging disasters such as car accidents.[5] |
| Telephone scatologia | Obscene phone calls, particularly to strangers; also known as telephonicophilia[2][19] and scatophilia.[73] |
T
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Teratophilia | Deformed or monstrous people.[3] The term is also sometimes used in a more literal sense (from ancient Greek τέρας, teras, meaning monster) for attraction to monstrous mythical and fictional creatures such as werewolves. |
| Toucherism | Touching an unsuspecting, non-consenting person with the hand.[74] |
| Toxophilia | Archery.[61] |
| Transvestic fetishism | Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing which causes clinically significant distress or impairment.[75] |
| Transvestophilia | A cross-dressing sexual partner.[19] |
| Trichophilia | Hair.[56] |
| Troilism | Observing one's partner engaged in sexual activities with another person.[4][20] |
| Timophilia | Gold, wealth, or social status.[76] |
U
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Urolagnia | Urination, particularly in public, on others, and/or being urinated on. Also referred to as "water sports".[2][4][19][20] |
V
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Vorarephilia | The idea of one person or creature eating or being eaten by another; usually swallowed whole, in one piece; also known as vore.[77] |
| Voyeurism | Watching others while naked or having sex, generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia or scoptophilia.[2][20] |
W
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Wet and messy fetishism | Messy situations, including, but not limited to, being pied, slimed or covered in mud. |
X
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Xenophilia | Foreign peoples, cultures, or customs.[78] |
Z
| Paraphilia | Focus of erotic interest |
|---|---|
| Zoophilia | Non-human animals.[2][4][19] |
| Zoosadism | Inflicting pain on animals, or seeing animals in pain.[79] |
See also
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References
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