Piedmontese language

Piedmontese (English: /ˌpdmɒnˈtz/ PEED-mon-TEEZ; autonym: piemontèis [pjemʊŋˈtɛjz] or lenga piemontèisa; Italian: piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, a region of Northwest Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly regarded as an Italian dialect.[3] It is linguistically included in the Gallo-Italic languages group of Northern Italy (with Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian and Romagnolo), which would make it part of the wider western group of Romance languages, which also includes French, Occitan, and Catalan. It is spoken in the core of Piedmont, in northwestern Liguria (near Savona), and in Lombardy (some municipalities in the westernmost part of Lomellina near Pavia).

Piedmontese
piemontèis
Native toItaly
RegionNorthwest Italy:
Piedmont
Liguria
Lombardy
Aosta Valley
Native speakers
2,000,000 (2012)[1]
Dialects
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3pms
Glottologpiem1238
ELPPiemontese
Linguasphere51-AAA-of
Piedmontese language distribution in Europe:
  Areas where Piedmontese is spoken (municipalities where Occitan and Arpitan presence is only de jure are included)
  Areas where Piedmontese is spoken alongside other languages (Occitan, Arpitan and Alemannic) and areas of linguistic transition (with Ligurian and with Lombard)
Piedmontese was classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger in 2010
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

It has some support from the Piedmont regional government but is considered a dialect rather than a separate language by the Italian central government.[3]

Due to the Italian diaspora Piedmontese has spread in the Argentinian Pampas, where many immigrants from Piedmont settled. The Piedmontese language is also spoken in some states of Brazil, along with the Venetian language.

Literature

The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini, when it was extremely close to Occitan, dating from the 12th century, a document devoted to the education of the Knights Templar stationed in Piedmont.

During renaissance are attested the oldest Piedmontese literary work of secular character, are the works of Zan Zòrs Alion, poet of the duchy of Montferrat, the most famous work being the opera Jocunda.

In the 1500s and 1600s there were several pastoral comedies with parts in Piedmontese.

In the Baroque period, El Cont Piolèt, a comedy by Giovan Battista Tan-na d'entraive, was published.

Literary Piedmontese developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, but it did not gain literary esteem comparable to that of French or Italian, other languages used in Piedmont. Nevertheless, literature in Piedmontese has never ceased to be produced: it includes poetry, theatre pieces, novels, and scientific work.[4]

History

The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini, when it was extremely close to Occitan.

Current status

In 2004, Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament,[5][6][7] although the Italian government has not yet recognised it as such. In theory, it is now supposed to be taught to children in school,[8] but this is happening only to a limited extent.

The last decade has seen the publication of learning materials for schoolchildren, as well as general-public magazines. Courses for people already outside the education system have also been developed. In spite of these advances, the current state of Piedmontese is quite grave, as over the last 150 years the number of people with a written active knowledge of the language has shrunk to about 2% of native speakers, according to a recent survey.[9] On the other hand, the same survey showed Piedmontese is still spoken by over half the population, alongside Italian. Authoritative sources confirm this result, putting the figure between 2 million (Assimil,[10] IRES Piemonte[11] and 3 million speakers (Ethnologue[12]) out of a population of 4.2 million people. Efforts to make it one of the official languages of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics were unsuccessful.

Regional variants

Geographical variants of piedmontese

Piedmontese is divided into three major groups

  • Western which include the dialects of Turin and Cuneo.
  • Eastern which in turn is divided into south-eastern (Astigiano, Roero, Monregalese, High Montferrat, Langarolo, Alessandrino) and north-eastern (Low Montferrat, Biellese, Vercellese, Valsesiano).
  • Canavese, spoken in the Canavese region in north-western Piedmont.

The variants can be detected in the variation of the accent and variation of words. It is sometimes difficult to understand a person that speaks a different Piedmontese from the one you are used to, as the words or accents are not the same.

Eastern and western group

The Eastern Piedmontese group is more phonologically evolved than its western counterpart.

The words that in the west end with jt, jd or t in the east end with [dʒ] e/o [tʃ] for example the westerns [lajt], [tyjt], and [vɛj] (milk, all and old) in the east are [lɑtʃ], [tytʃ] and [vɛdʒ].

A typical eastern features is [i] as allophone of [e]: in word end, at the end of infinitive time of the verb, like in to read and to be (western [leze], [ese] vs. eastern [lezi], [esi]) and at words feminine plural gender. Although this development is shared partially (in the case of the infinitive time) also by most of the western dialects, including the Turin one, that is the most spoken dialect of western piedmontese (and also of the whole piedmontese language).

A morphological variation that sharply divides east and west is the indicative imperfect conjugation of irregular verbs. In the east, the suffix ava/iva is used, while in the west asìa/isìa is used. The groups are also distinguished by differing conjugation of the present simple of the irregular verbs: , andé, sté (to give, to go, to stay).

Englisheasternwestern
to giveto goto stayto giveto goto stay
Idaghvaghstaghdonvonston
youstèdasvasstas
he/she/itdavastadavasta
wedomaandomastomadomaandomastoma
youdéjandéjstéjdeveandevesteve
theydanvanstandanvanstan

Phonology

Consonants

LabialDental/
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
PalatalVelar
Stopvoicelessptk
voicedbdɡ
Affricatevoicelesst͡ʃ
voicedd͡ʒ
Fricativevoicelessfs
voicedvz
Nasalmnɲŋ
Trillr
Approximantljw

/v/ is realized as labio-velar [w] between /a/ and /u/ and as [w] or [f] when in word-final position.[13][14]

Vowels

FrontCentralBack
Closeiyu
Mideøə
ɛɔ
Opena

Allophones of /a/ are [ɑ, ɒ] in stressed syllables and as [ɐ] when in unstressed position and at end of the word.

Phonological process

  • Apocope, i.e., dropping of all of the unstressed vowels at word end,[15]: 92–94  except /a/, which is usually centralized to [ɐ].[15]: 296–297 
  • Syncope i.e., weakening or dropping of unstressed pro-tonic[16]: 169–171  and post-tonic vowels: /me'luŋ/ > /mə'luŋ/ > /m'luŋ/,[17]: 37  same happens in French, and other Gallo-Romance languages. In some cases, prothesis of [ə] or [ɐ] is also present to make some consonant clusters easier to pronounce (ex. novod, "nephew" , [nʊˈvud] > [nvud] > [ɐnˈvud],[16][17][page needed] this feature is also present in Emilian.[16][page needed]
  • Nasalization of vowels in front of /n/, as in Western Romance, and then shift of nasalization from the vowel to /n/ with development of the /ŋn/ cluster, and subsequent dropping of [n] (/'buna/> /'bũna/> /'buŋna/ > /'buŋa/).[17]: 51 
  • Development of vowels /ø/ and /y/ from [ɔ] and [uː] of Latin, respectively.[17]: 36–37 
  • Consonantal degemination: SERRARE > saré.
  • Latin groups of occlusives [kt] and [gd] become [jd]-, as in Gallo-Romance: NOCTEM > neuit [nøi̯d]; LACTEM > làit [lɑi̯d]. Some dialects have reached the more advanced stage, with palatalization of [i̯d] to [d͡ʒ] (for example Vercelli dialect [nød͡ʒ] and [lad͡ʒ]), as happens in Spanish, Occitan, and Brazilian Portuguese.[15]: 350–351 
  • Palatization of [kl] and [gl] : Latin CLARUS > ciàr [tʃɑi̯r], "light", GLANDIA > gianda [ˈdʒɑŋdɐ] "nut".[15]: 552–558 [17]: 39 
  • The Latin unvoiced occlusive /p/, /t/, /k/, are voiced (becoming /b/, /d/, /g/), and then lenited and usually drop: FORMICAM > formìa; APRILEM > avril, CATHÉDRA > careja.[17]: 50 
  • Latin /k/-/g/ before front vowels, became post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, then /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ due to typical Western Romance assibilation, later /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ became fricatives: /s/ and /z/: CINERE > sënner; CENTUM > sent; GINGIVA > zanziva. [17]: 38 

Alphabet

Piedmontese is written with a modified Latin alphabet. The letters, along with their IPA equivalent, are shown in the table below.

LetterIPA valueLetterIPA valueLetterIPA value
A a/a/, [ɑ]H hP p/p/
B b/b/I i/i/ or (semivocalic) /j/Q q/k/[i]
C c/k/ or //[ii]J j/j/R r/r/~/ɹ/
D d/d/L l/l/S s/s/, /z/[iii]
E e/e/ or /ɛ/[iv]M m/m/T t/t/
Ë ë/ə/N n/n/ or /ŋ/[v]U u/y/, or (semivocalic) /w/, /ʊ̯/
F f/f/O o/ʊ/, /u/ or (semivocalic), /ʊ̯/V v/v/, /ʋ/, or /w/[vi]
G g/ɡ/ or //[ii]Ò ò/ɔ/Z z/z/

Certain digraphs are used to regularly represent specific sounds as shown below.

DigraphIPA valueDigraphIPA valueDigraphIPA value
gg//gh/ɡ/cc//
gli/ʎ/[a]ss/s/gn/ɲ/
sc/sk/, /stʃ/sc, scc/stʃ/eu/ø/
sg, sgg/zdʒ/

All other combinations of letters are pronounced as written. Grave accent marks stress (except for o which is marked by an acute to distinguish it from ò) and breaks diphthongs, so ua and are /wa/, but ùa is pronounced separately, /ˈya/.

Numbers

numberpiedmontesenumberpiedmontesenumberpiedmontesenumberpiedmontese
1un11ondes30tranta200dosent
2doi (m), doe (f)12dodes40quaranta300tersent
3trei13terdes50sinquanta400quatsent
4quatr14quatordes60sessanta500sinchsent
5sinch15quindes70stanta600sessent
6ses16sedes80otanta700setsent
7set17disset90novanta800eutsent
8eut18diseut100sent900neuvsent
9neuv19disneuv101sent e un1000mila
10des20vint110sentdes

Characteristics

Some of the characteristics of the Piedmontese language are:

  1. The presence of clitic so-called verbal pronouns for subjects, which give a Piedmontese verbal complex the following form: (subject) + verbal pronoun + verb, as in (mi) i von 'I go'. Verbal pronouns are absent only in the imperative form.
  2. The bound form of verbal pronouns, which can be connected to dative and locative particles (a-i é 'there is', i-j diso 'I say to him').
  3. The interrogative form, which adds an enclitic interrogative particle at the end of the verbal form (Veus-to…? 'Do you want to...?'])
  4. The absence of ordinal numerals higher than 'sixth', so that 'seventh' is col che a fà set 'the one which makes seven'.
  5. The existence of three affirmative interjections (that is, three ways to say yes): si, sè (from Latin sic est, as in Italian); é (from Latin est, as in Portuguese); òj (from Latin hoc est, as in Occitan, or maybe hoc illud, as in Franco-Provençal, French and Old Catalan and Occitan).
  6. The absence of the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ (like the sh in English sheep), for which an alveolar S sound (as in English sun) is usually substituted.
  7. The existence of an S-C combination pronounced [stʃ].
  8. The existence of a velar nasal [ŋ] (like the ng in English going), which usually precedes a vowel, as in lun-a 'moon'.
  9. The existence of the third Piedmontese vowel Ë, which is very short (close to the vowel in English sir).
  10. The absence of the phonological contrast that exists in Italian between short (single) and long (double) consonants, for example, Italian fata 'fairy' and fatta 'done (F)'.
  11. The existence of a prosthetic Ë sound when consonantal clusters arise that are not permitted by the phonological system. So 'seven stars' is pronounced set ëstèile (cf. stèile 'stars').

Piedmontese has a number of varieties that may vary from its basic koiné to quite a large extent. Variation includes not only departures from the literary grammar, but also a wide variety in dictionary entries, as different regions maintain words of Frankish or Lombard origin, as well as differences in native Romance terminology. Words imported from various languages are also present, while more recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian.

Judeo-Piedmontese

A variety of Piedmontese was Judeo-Piedmontese, a dialect spoken by the Piedmontese Jews until the Second World War, when most were killed during the Holocaust. Some survivors knew the language but as of 2015, the language had gone extinct. It had many loanwards from Provencal, Spanish and Hebrew. It would keep many conservative features that Piedmontese would abandon over time.[18] The language never became as large in terms of words as larger jewish languages like Yiddish, and it never developed a standardized writing system.

Lexical comparison

Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English:

Gallo-Italic and VenetianOccitano-RomanceOccitano- and Ibero-RomanceGallo-RomanceItalo-DalmatianIbero-RomanceEastern Romance
EnglishPiedmonteseLigurianEmilianVenetianOccitanCatalanAragoneseArpitanFrenchSicilianItalianSpanishPortugueseRomanian
chaircadrega/ carejacarêgascrânacarègacadièracadirasillacheyérechaisesìeggiasediasillacadeirascaun, catedră
to takepijé/ciapépigiâ/ciapàciapèrciaparprene, agafaragafar, agarrar, replegaragafar, replegarprendre/acraparprendrepigghiàriprendere, pigliarecoger, tomar, pillarpegar, tomara lua
to go/come outsurtì/seurtesciortìsortìrisìr/sortirsortir, sal(h)ir, eissirsortir/eixirsalir, sallir, ixir, salldresortir/salyirsortirnèsciriusciresalirsaira ieși
to falldroché/tombécàzzecrodèrcajarcaire/tombarcaurecayer, cairechèdretombercàriricadere, cascarecaer, tumbarcair, tombarcădere
homeca/meisoncacacaxa/càcasa/meisonca/casacasamêson/càmaisoncasacasacasacasacasă
armbrassbrassobrâsbrasbraçbraçbraçobrèsbrasvrazzubracciobrazobraçobraț
numbernùmernùmeronómmernùmaronòmbrenombrenúmeronombronombre/numéronùmmurunumeronúmeronúmeronumăr
namenòmnòmenómnòmenomnomnombre, nomnomnomnomunomenombrenomenume
applepomméia/pómapàmpómopomapoma, maçanamaçana, pomapomapommemuma/melamelamanzanamaçãmăr
to worktravajétravagiâlavorètravajartrabalhartreballartreballartravalyértravaillertravagghiarilavoraretrabajartrabalhara lucra
bat (animal)ratavolòiraràttopenûgopapastrelsignàpola/nòtołaratapenadaratpenat, moricecmoriziego, moricecrata volagechauve-souristaddaritapipistrellomurciélagomorcegoliliac
schoolëscòlaschêuascöascółaescòlaescolaescuela, escolaècuolaécolescolascuolaescuelaescolașcoală
wood (land)bòschbòscobòschbóscoboscboscbosquebouescboisvoscuboscobosquebosquepădure
Mrmonsùsciôsiorsiórsénhersenyorsinyormonsiormonsieurgnurisignoreseñorsenhor, seudomn
Mrsmadamasciâsiorasiórasénherasenyorasinyoramadamamadamegnurasignoraseñorasenhora, donadoamnă
summeristàistàistêistàestiuestiuveranoétifétéastatiestateverano, estíoverão, estiovară
todayancheujancheuincōincòuèi/ancueiavui/huihueenqu'houèaujourd'huiùoggioggihoyhojeazi
tomorrowdmandomândmândomàndemandemàmanyana, deman, maitíndemandemainrumanidomanimañanaamanhãmâine
yesterdayjervêiiêrjérigèr/ierahirahierehièrhieraìeriieriayerontemieri
Mondaylùn-eslunesdìmunedélunidilunsdillunslunsdelonlundilunidìalunedìlunessegunda-feiraluni
Tuesdaymàrtesmâtesdìmartedémartidimarsdimartsmarçdemârsmardimàrtirimartedìmartesterça-feiramarți
Wednesdaymèrcolmâcordìmercordémèrcoredimecrèsdimecresmiercresdemécromercredimèrcurimercoledìmiércolesquarta-feiramiercuri
Thursdaygiòbiazéuggiagiovedézòbadijòusdijousjueusdejojeudiiòvirigiovedìjuevesquinta-feirajoi
Fridayvënnervenardìvenerdévénaredivendresdivendresviernesdevendrovendrediviènnirivenerdìviernessexta-feiravineri
Saturdaysabasabbòsâbetsabodissabtedissabtesabadodessandrosamedisabbatusabatosábadosábadosâmbătă
Sundaydominica/domignadumenegadumenicadoménegadimengediumengedomingedemengedimancherumìnicadomenicadomingodomingoduminică

References

Further reading

External links