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Line 184: Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda is said to be formerly based in Sudan during the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/sudan/terrorist.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-05-18 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120073612/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/sudan/terrorist.htm |archivedate=2015-01-20 |df= }}</ref> The US and Israel have conducted operations against Sudanese targets affiliated with terrorist groups as recently as 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenddemocracy.org/sudans-sponsorship-of-terrorism-violence2 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-05-18 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711002206/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/sudans-sponsorship-of-terrorism-violence2 |archivedate=2017-07-11 |df= }}</ref> ===Turkey=== [[Francis Ricciardone]], United States Ambassador to Turkey from 2011 to 2014, claims that Turkey had directly supported and worked with [[al-Nusra Front]] and [[Ahrar al-Sham]] in the Syrian conflict for a period of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11093478/Turkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html|title=Turkish government co-operated with al-Qaeda in Syria, says former US ambassador|first1=Richard|last1=Spencer|first2=Raf|last2=Sanchez|publisher=Telegraph|date=September 12, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140912231632/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11093478/Turkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html|archive-date=2014-09-12}}</ref> [[Syria]], the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref name="terror groups by UAE">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=<!-- 16:01 --> 16 November 2014|title=List of terror groups published by UAE|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/list-of-terror-groups-published-by-uae-1.1413219|newspaper=Gulf News|location=|accessdate=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409155435/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/list-of-terror-groups-published-by-uae-1.1413219|archivedate=9 April 2016|df=}}</ref> [[Russia]],<ref name="RT Syrian villagers describe massacre">[https://www.rt.com/news/342983-syria-zara-carnage-alsham/ Syrian villagers describe massacre by militant group spared from UN terror blacklist (EXCLUSIVE)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514105544/https://www.rt.com/news/342983-syria-zara-carnage-alsham/ |date=2016-05-14 }}, ''[[RT (TV network)|RT]]''</ref> [[Iran]] and [[Egypt]] have designated Ahrar al-Sham a terrorist organization<ref name="al-Masdar Saudi Arabia blocks peace talks">{{cite web|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/saudi-arabia-blocks-peace-talks-on-syria/|title=Saudi Arabia blocks peace talks on Syria|author=Chris Tomson|work=Al-Masdar News|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=16 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128082653/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/saudi-arabia-blocks-peace-talks-on-syria/|archivedate=28 January 2016|df=}}</ref> but the U.S. has not.<ref name="U.S. Department of State Ahrar al-Sham not an terrorist organization">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2016/05/257673.htm#SYRIA2|title=Daily Press Briefing|date=24 May 2016|work=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=27 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525152446/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2016/05/257673.htm#SYRIA2|archivedate=25 May 2016|df=}}</ref> The [[United Nations Security Council]] and many countries including the US class al-Nusra as a terrorist organisation;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/12/201759.htm|title=Terrorist Designations of the al-Nusrah Front as an Alias for al-Qa'ida in Iraq|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2017-03-21|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130213913/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/12/201759.htm|archivedate=2017-01-30|df=}}</ref> it was the official Syrian branch of [[al-Qaeda]] until July 2016, when it ostensibly split.<ref name=Rebrand>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36916606|title=Syrian Nusra Front announces split from al-Qaeda|date=28 July 2016|accessdate=28 July 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728183158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36916606|archivedate=28 July 2016|df=}}</ref><ref name="glob.post8-11-13">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131108/zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-syria-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109005944/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131108/zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-syria-0|dead-url=yes|archive-date=9 November 2013|title=Zawahiri disbands main Qaeda faction in Syria|publisher=GlobalPost|date=8 November 2013|accessdate=15 November 2013}}</ref> [[Al-Monitor]] claimed in 2013 that Turkey was reconsidering its support for Nusra, and Turkey's designation of the Nusra Front as a terrorist group since June 2014 was seen as an indication of it giving up on the group.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/idiz-turkey-syria-opposition-nusra-terrorist-unsc-erdogan.html|title=Why is Jabhat al-Nusra no longer useful to Turkey?|first=Semih|last=Idiz|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=June 10, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140611032014/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/idiz-turkey-syria-opposition-nusra-terrorist-unsc-erdogan.html|archive-date=2014-06-11}}</ref> Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia supported the [[Army of Conquest]], a coalition of [[Salafist]] and [[Islamist]] Syrian rebel groups formed in March 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-32540436|title=Syria: How a new rebel unity is making headway against the regime|publisher=BBC|author=Lina Sinjab|date=2015-05-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011210717/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-32540436|archivedate=2017-10-11|df=}}</ref> that included the al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham, but that also included non-al-Qaeda-linked Islamist factions, such as the [[Sham Legion]], that have received covert arms support from the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/02/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes-rebels-army-conquest-jaish-al-fatah.html?_r=0|title=A Look at the Army of Conquest, a Prominent Rebel Alliance in Syria|author=Ben Hubbard|date=2015-10-01|publisher=New York Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025235415/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/02/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes-rebels-army-conquest-jaish-al-fatah.html?_r=0|archivedate=2015-10-25|df=}}</ref> According to ''[[The Independent]]'', some Turkish officials admitted giving logistical and intelligence support to the command center of the coalition, but denied giving direct help to al-Nusra, while acknowledging that the group would be beneficiaries. It also reported that some rebels and officials claim that material support in the form of money and weapons was given to the coalition by Saudis with Turkey facilitating its passage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-anti-assad-jihadists-10242747.html|title=Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria|first=Kim|last=Sengupta|publisher=The Independent|date=May 12, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.is/20151001085600/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-anti-assad-jihadists-10242747.html|archive-date=2015-10-01}}</ref> Turkey reportedly welcomed any anti-Assad group including Islamic State and al-Nusra fighters before the [[Reyhanlı bombings]] and wounded fighters were treated in Turkish hospitals. Turkey's border region has been used as a vital supply route by ISIL and it had earlier indiscriminately allowed fighters and weapons to flow across the border. An ISIL commander staying in Turkey told [[The Washington Post]] that most of their fighters, equipment and supplies during the beginning of the [[Syrian civil war|war]] came via Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Faiola|first1=Anthony|last2=Mekhennet|first2=Souad|title=In Turkey, a late crackdown on Islamist fighters|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/how-turkey-became-the-shopping-mall-for-the-islamic-state/2014/08/12/5eff70bf-a38a-4334-9aa9-ae3fc1714c4b_story.html|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=12 August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518195148/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/how-turkey-became-the-shopping-mall-for-the-islamic-state/2014/08/12/5eff70bf-a38a-4334-9aa9-ae3fc1714c4b_story.html|archivedate=18 May 2017|df=}}</ref> [[Taraf]] claimed that Ahmet El H., one of ISIL's top commanders was treated at a Turkish hospital along with other ISIL fighters and the cost of their treatment was paid by the government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber-isid-militanlari-devlet-kesesinden-tedavi-oldu-163522/|title=KIŞİD militanları devlet kesesinden tedavi oldu|first=Hüseyin|last=Ozay|language=Turkish|publisher=T24|date=September 11, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140914044631/http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber-isid-militanlari-devlet-kesesinden-tedavi-oldu-163522/|archive-date=2014-09-14|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> Turkish Health Minister [[Mehmet Müezzinoğlu]], on the other hand, told the media that Turkish doctors would not discriminate between patients and ISIL members could also be treated in Turkish hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish doctors won’t deny treatment to ISIL militants, minister says|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turkish-doctors-wont-deny-treatment-to-isil-militants-minister-says_359744.html|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=Today's Zaman|date=24 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310045049/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turkish-doctors-wont-deny-treatment-to-isil-militants-minister-says_359744.html|archivedate=10 March 2015}}</ref> [[2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey]] caused a major controversy in Turkey. The critiques of the government claimed that the Turkish government has been providing arms to ISIL,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/97017/CHP_tutanaklari_acikladi__O_tirlardan_onlarca_fuze_cikti.html|title=CHP tutanakları açıkladı: O tırlardan onlarca füze çıktı|language=Turkish|publisher=Cumhuriyet|date=July 21, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141119204023/http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/97017/CHP_tutanaklari_acikladi__O_tirlardan_onlarca_fuze_cikti.html|archive-date=2014-11-19|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref><ref name="samanyoluhaber.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.samanyoluhaber.com/gundem/Kilicdaroglu-ISIDe-giden-silahlarin-belgesini-gosterdi/1064168/|title=Kılıçdaroğlu IŞİD’e giden silahların belgesini gösterdi|language=Turkish|publisher=Samanyolu Haber|date=October 14, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170429223320/http://www.shaber3.com/gundem/Kilicdaroglu-ISIDe-giden-silahlarin-belgesini-gosterdi/1064168/|archive-date=2017-04-29|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref><ref name="t24.com.tr">{{cite news|url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/kilicdaroglu-bizim-tezkere-onerimiz-millidir-yabanci-asker-de-isgal-de-yok-icerisinde,273829|title=Kılıçdaroğlu IŞİD’e giden silahların belgesini gösterdi|language=Turkish|publisher=T24|date=October 14, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170429223753/http://t24.com.tr/haber/kilicdaroglu-bizim-tezkere-onerimiz-millidir-yabanci-asker-de-isgal-de-yok-icerisinde,273829|archive-date=2017-04-29|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref><ref name=belge>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/video/130347/Kilicdaroglu___Davutoglu_belge_istiyordun__al_sana_belge_.html|title=Kılıçdaroğlu: 'Davutoğlu belge istiyordun, al sana belge'|language=Turkish|publisher=Cumhuriyet|date=October 14, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170429230856/http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/video/130347/Kilicdaroglu___Davutoglu_belge_istiyordun__al_sana_belge_.html|archive-date=2017-04-29|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> while the Turkish government has maintained that the trucks were bound for the [[Bayırbucak]] Turkmens, who are opposed to the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tisdall|first1=Simon|title=Turkey caught between aiding Turkmen and economic dependence on Russia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/24/turkey-caught-between-aiding-turkmen-and-economic-dependence-on-russia|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=The Guardian|date=24 November 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623040914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/24/turkey-caught-between-aiding-turkmen-and-economic-dependence-on-russia|archivedate=23 June 2017|df=}}</ref> In 2014, [[Sky News]] reported that the Turkish government had stamped passports of foreigners seeking to cross the border and join ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Turkeys-murky-role-in-Syria-444394|title=Turkey’s murky role in Syria|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170429231042/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Turkeys-murky-role-in-Syria-444394|archive-date=2017-04-29|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> However, it was also reported by Sky News that ISIL members use fake passports in order to get to Syria and Turkish officials can not easily identify the authenticity of these documents.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perring|first1=Rebecca|title=Foreign fighters seeking to join Islamic State are 'using fake passports' to enter Syria|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/560320/Islamic-State-Syria-Turkey-fake-passports-militants|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=Express|date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rayner|first1=Tom|title=Foreign IS Recruits Using Fake Syrian Passports|url=http://news.sky.com/story/foreign-is-recruits-using-fake-syrian-passports-10370132|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=Sky News|date=24 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812072047/http://news.sky.com/story/foreign-is-recruits-using-fake-syrian-passports-10370132|archivedate=12 August 2017|df=}}</ref> Turkey has been alleged to have assisted ISIL during the [[Siege of Kobanî]]. The Mayor of Kobani [[Anwar Moslem]] in an interview with Mutlu Civiroglu in September 2014 was asked about speculations in Kurdish media of Turkey assisting ISIL and a train being sent to the border carrying assistance for the ISIL. He in turn responded that the Kurds had information that 2 days before the start of the war, trains carrying forces and ammunition, which were passing to the city's north, had {{nobr|1 h 10 min}} {{snd}} {{nobr|1 h 20 min}} stops in 3 Turkish villages and there was even evidence about this. He also said that it was attention-grabbing that ISIL was only strong to the east of Kobani but not in other directions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://civiroglu.net/2014/09/19/kobane_isis/|title=An Exclusive Interview with Premier of Kobane Anwar Moslem about ISIS attacks|publisher=Kurdish Question|date=September 19, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140923154227/http://civiroglu.net/2014/09/19/kobane_isis/|archive-date=2014-09-23|deadurl=yes|df=}} (formerly at [http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/an-exclusive-interview-with-premier-of-kobane-anwar-moslem-about-ongoing-isis-attacks/220-an-exclusive-interview-with-premier-of-kobane-anwar-moslem-about-ongoing-isis-attacks.html kurdishquestion.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423195606/http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/an-exclusive-interview-with-premier-of-kobane-anwar-moslem-about-ongoing-isis-attacks/220-an-exclusive-interview-with-premier-of-kobane-anwar-moslem-about-ongoing-isis-attacks.html |date=2016-04-23 }})</ref> Diken reported on October 1 that ISIL fighters heading towards Kobani crossed the borders from Turkey into Syria in full view of Turkish soldiers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.diken.com.tr/isid-militanlari-sifir-noktasinda-goruntulendi/|title=IŞİD militanları sıfır noktasında görüntülendi|language=Turkish|publisher=Diken|date=October 1, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170429235333/http://www.diken.com.tr/isid-militanlari-sifir-noktasinda-goruntulendi/|archive-date=2017-04-29|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> YPG commander [[Meysa Abdo]] in an op-ed written for [[NY Times]] on October 28 claimed there is evidence that Turkish forces have allowed the Islamic State’s men and equipment to move back and forth across the border.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/opinion/turkeys-obstruction-of-kobanis-battle-against-isis.html|title=Turkey's Obstruction of Kobani's Battle Against ISIS|first=Meysa|last=Abdo|authorlink=Meysa Abdo|publisher=The New York Times|date=October 28, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170429235203/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/opinion/turkeys-obstruction-of-kobanis-battle-against-isis.html?_r=0|archive-date=2017-04-29|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> On November 29, Nawaf Khalil, a spokesman for Syria’s Kurdish [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party]] (PYD), reportedly said that ISIL started to attack them from all four sides for the first time, which is a direct indication of Turkey's support for ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|title=Isis launches attack on Kobani from inside Turkey for first time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/29/isis-attack-kobani-inside-turkey-first-time|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519113939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/29/isis-attack-kobani-inside-turkey-first-time|archivedate=19 May 2017|df=}}</ref> Turkey's hesitation to help [[YPG]] in the fight against ISIL was reportedly caused by YPG's affiliation with [[PKK]], but Turkey later gave support to the Kurdish [[Peshmerga]] from [[Iraqi Kurdistan|northern Iraq]] instead of the YPG.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chulov|first1=Martin|last2=Letsch|first2=Constanze|last3=Hawramy|first3=Fazel|title=Turkey to allow Kurdish peshmerga across its territory to fight in Kobani|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/20/turkey-allows-peshmerga-forces-to-travel-to-kobani|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=The Guardian|date=20 October 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810205800/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/20/turkey-allows-peshmerga-forces-to-travel-to-kobani|archivedate=10 August 2017|df=}}</ref> Ahmet Gerdi, a Peshmerga general, told the Turkish press that they appreciate Turkey's help in their fight against ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kurds thank Turkey’s support in fight against ISIS militants in besieged Kobani|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/11/07/kurds-thank-turkeys-support-in-fight-against-isis-militants-in-besieged-kobani|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=Daily Sabah|date=7 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814223537/https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/11/07/kurds-thank-turkeys-support-in-fight-against-isis-militants-in-besieged-kobani|archivedate=14 August 2017|df=}}</ref> Arab media claimed that the village of Az-Zanbaqi (الزنبقي) in [[Jisr al-Shughur]]'s countryside has become a base for a massive amount of [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[Turkistan Islamic Party]] militants and their families in Syria, estimated at around 3,500. They further accused the Turkish intelligence of being involved in transporting these Uyghurs via Turkey to Syria, with the aim of using them first in Syria to help [[Jabhat Al-Nusra]] and gain combat experience fighting against the Syrian Army before sending them back to [[Xinjiang]] to fight against [[China]] if they manage to survive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syrianow.sy/index.php?d=72&id=9967|title=Syria Now|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.is/20160124140128/http://syrianow.sy/index.php?d=72&id=9967|archive-date=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RISE OF CHINESE JIHADIS OF TURKISTAN ISLAMIC PARTY IN SYRIA RAISES CONCERNS AT BEIJING|url=http://www.siasat.com/news/rise-chinese-jihadis-turkistan-islamic-party-syria-raises-concerns-beijing-1175183/|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=The Siasat Daily|date=25 April 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524004558/http://www.siasat.com/news/rise-chinese-jihadis-turkistan-islamic-party-syria-raises-concerns-beijing-1175183/|archivedate=24 May 2017|df=}}</ref> Arab news agencies reported that the Uyghurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party, the Chechens in [[Junud al-Sham]], Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham are being coordinated by Turkish intelligence to work with the [[Army of Conquest]].<ref>{{cite news |date= June 3, 2015 |title=بعد تداخل جبهتي العراق وسوريا ..تأهب ميداني لإعادة فتح معركة إدلب |url=http://nabd-sy.net/index.php/lka2at/18166-2015-06-03-11-17-54 |newspaper=نبض سوريا |page= |location= |access-date= |archive-url=https://archive.is/20160124140101/http://nabd-sy.net/index.php/lka2at/18166-2015-06-03-11-17-54|archive-date=2016-01-24}}</ref> Turkish media agencies, on the other hand, denied this and claimed that it was a scheme of the Chinese government to promise a holy cause and new lands to Uyghur forces with Islamic tendencies, which would eventually be cited by the government as the reason for more oppressive policies towards the Uyghur people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Çiçek|first1=Nevzat|title=Türkistan İslam Partisi mi yoksa Doğu Türkistan İslam Hareketi mi?|url=http://www.timeturk.com/turkistan-islam-partisi-mi-yoksa-dogu-turkistan-islam-hareketi-mi/yazar-36752|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=Timeturk|date=31 May 2015|language=Turkish|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718101502/http://www.timeturk.com/turkistan-islam-partisi-mi-yoksa-dogu-turkistan-islam-hareketi-mi/yazar-36752|archivedate=18 July 2017|df=}}</ref> The validity of the Chinese claims had also been challenged by Sean Roberts of Georgetown University in an article on global terrorism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Sean|title=Imaginary Terrorism? The Global War on Terror and the Narrative of the Uyghur Terrorist Threat|journal=PONARS EURASIA WORKING PAPER|date=2012|url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/RobertsWP.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126171934/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/RobertsWP.pdf|archivedate=26 January 2017|df=}}</ref> Conversely, other reports emphasized on the Uyghur fighters' ties with ISIL, which lead to the [[2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting]] against Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|title=Istanbul terror highlights Central Asian link to Islamic State|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/istanbul-terror-highlights-central-asian-link-to-islamic-state/news-story/8bc5fa82af22379546dfee0b282016b4|accessdate=10 May 2017|work=The Australian|date=5 January 2017}}</ref> === United Arab Emirates === | |||
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