Toophan

Iran was among the earliest countries to import the TOW missile, as far back as 1971. Extensive repair and assembly facilities were set up at the Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) by the Texas-based Emerson Energy Systems, as well as Hughes Missile Systems, to repair TOW and FGM-77A Dragon missiles.^[5]

In May 1975, negotiations between Iran and Hughes Missile Systems on co-production of TOW and AGM-65 Maverick missiles stalled over disagreements in the pricing structure. Hughes set the royalty and initial investment costs for Iran at $20 million for the TOW and $25 million for the Maverick. The subsequent Iranian Revolution in 1979 ended all plans for such co-production.^[5]

The Iran–Iraq war lead to Iran having an acute need for anti-tank guided missiles to counter Iraq's massive armored formations, leading Iran to import thousands more TOW missiles, as well as Soviet AT-3 Sagger ATGMs. Attempts at local production of both systems began in the first half of the war, with the TOW missile being prioritized due to its better performance.^[6] The earliest prototype version was ready in mid-1985, but performance was disappointing compared to Iran's US-made TOW missiles, which received widespread praise in Iran at the time.^[7] Following about a year and a half more of R&D work, the Toophan was tested against Iraqi tanks and showed better performance.^[7][8] The missile was shown on an Iranian TV show on March 21, 1987,^[7] and production of what would be named the Toophan 1 began by early 1988.^[1] R&D and production work continued through the 1990s.^[9] The missile was not publicly revealed until 2000, when the Toophan 1 and Toophan 2 were publicly unveiled at the same time.^[10] The Toophan has since become Iran's primary anti-tank guided missile.^[4]

In addition to Toophan missiles, Iran also produces reverse engineered tripod launchers, guidance sets, and storage boxes, all of which bear the Toophan name.^[11][12] Toophan missiles can be fired from TOW launchers, and their components are generally interchangeable.^[13] A number of sources say that the Toophan's quality is inferior to that of original American-made TOW missiles, but is still robustly capable.^[14]

In 2014 Iran showed a Toophan/TOW simulator they built for helicopter-launched missiles.^[15] In a December 2016 military exercise Iran used the missile against naval targets.^[16] In 2018 Iran showed off thermal-sights which can be used with the Toophan.^[17] The Toophan can be mounted on Boragh APCs, ATVs,^[18] or Safir jeeps.^[19][20] Toophan missiles can be repaired by Iran's Shiraz Electronics Industries.^[21]

The Toophan was later developed into the Sadid-1, an ambitious project to build a competitor to the Israeli Spike-ER fire-and-forget missile for attack helicopters and drones. The Sadid-1 had limited success, but was used to develop the successful Sadid-345 glide bomb, which in turn spun off a smaller counterpart, the Qaem air-to-ground munition.^{[citation needed]}

In 2018, it's reported that the Toophan can have the “RU244TK” and “RU150TK” thermal imaging cameras attached.^[22]

Prototype versions of the Toophan-1 were used in the tail end of the Iran–Iraq War.

Hezbollah received Toophan missiles in the early 2000s and used them against Israeli Merkava tanks and other vehicles during the 2006 Lebanon War.^[23][24]

The Toophan missile has seen extensive use in the Syrian Civil War. Hezbollah has used Toophan missiles in the war^[25][26] and is one of the missile's most prominent users.^{[citation needed]} The missiles have also been provided to the Syrian Army and Iranian-backed Shiite militias in Syria. Toophan missiles first appeared in Syria reportedly in October 2015.^[27] Overall the Toophan missile's use in Syria is poorly documented, but Toophan-1 missiles seem to be the most common.^{[citation needed]} Furthermore, the Kurdish YPG militia has used Toophan 1 missiles as well.^[28] The missiles have since proliferated to a wide range of non-state actors operating in Syria. In addition, Toophan missiles have been captured by groups fighting the Syrian government, including ISIS^[29] and al-Nusra.

The first known Iraqi group to receive Toophans was Asaib-Ahl-Al-Haq in 2014.^[30] The Badr Organization obtained Toophans in 2015 and the Toophan has since been provided to other Shiite militias organized under the Popular Mobilization Units.^[31] Iraq's Federal Police have also been delivered Toophans.^[32][33]

Iran has shipped Toophan missiles to the Houthis in Yemen as well, where they have been used in combat.^[34] The first video of Houthis using a Toophan missile was published in November 2018.^[35]

Given that the Toophan is reverse-engineered from the US TOW missile, the identification of Toophan missiles versus TOW missiles is difficult. The Toophan ATGM is very similar to the American BGM-71 TOW ATGM from which it is reverse-engineered. Toophan missiles, launchers, control units, and crates are essentially interchangeable with their American counterparts and are regularly mixed together. The many variations of TOW and Toophan missiles also poses challenges.^{[citation needed]}

Toophan missiles can often be identified by their turquoise bands installed by Iran's Defense Industries Organization^[36] or by a faint black band on the rear end of the launcher.^[37] Toophan missiles, on their packaging, are instead labeled as TOW missiles; for example a Toophan 2M is labeled as a "TOW 2M".^[38]

Modern TOW tripods have black rings, while Toophan tripods have yellow rings.^[31] Internally, Toophan missiles have different screw placement^[39] and cylindrical launch motor nozzles.^[40]

•  Iran
  • Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps^[69]
  • Iranian Army^[69]
    • Ground Forces
•  Syria
  • Syrian Arab Army
  • YPG^[37]
•  Iraq
  • Popular Mobilization Units^[70]
•  Palestine
  • Al-Quds Brigades
•  Yemen
  •  Houthis^[31][3]
•  Lebanon
  • Hezbollah^[71]