Harshen Serbia
Serbian ( српски / srpski, furta [sr̩̂pskiː]) shine daidaitaccen nau'in yaren Serbo-Croatian wanda Sabiyawan ke amfani da shi.[1][2][3][4][5] [6]Harshen hukuma ne kuma na ƙasa na Serbia, ɗaya daga cikin yarukan hukuma uku na Bosnia da Herzegovina kuma babban jami'i a Montenegro da Kosovo. Harshen tsiraru ne da aka sani a cikin Croatia, Arewacin Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, da Jamhuriyar Czech.
Standard Serbian dogara ne a kan mafi tartsatsi yare na Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (fiye da musamman akan yarukan Šumadija-Vojvodina da Gabashin Herzegovina), [7]wanda kuma shi ne tushen daidaitattun nau'in Croatian, Bosnian, da Montenegrin[8] sabili da haka an ba da sanarwar kan Harshen gama gari na Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, da Montenegrins a cikin 2017.[9][10]Sauran yaren da Sabiyawan ke magana shine Torlakian a kudu maso gabashin Sabiya, wanda shine rikon kwarya zuwa Macedonian da Bulgarian.
Serbian kusan shine kawai daidaitaccen harshe na Turai wanda masu magana da su ke da cikakken aikin digraphic, [11] ta amfani da haruffan Cyrillic da Latin. Masanin ilimin harshe na Serbia Vuk Karadžić ya ƙirƙira haruffan Cyrillic na Serbia a cikin 1814, wanda ya ƙirƙira shi bisa ka'idodin sauti. Harafin Latin da aka yi amfani da shi don Serbian (latinica) masanin harshe ɗan Croatian Ljudevit Gaj ne ya tsara shi a cikin 1830s bisa tsarin Czech tare da alaƙar grapheme-phoneme ɗaya zuwa ɗaya tsakanin kalmomin Cyrillic da Latin, wanda ya haifar da tsarin layi ɗaya.
Rabewa
Serbian daidaitaccen nau'in Serbo-Croatian ne, [12][13]harshen Slavic (Indo-Turai), na rukunin rukunin Kudancin Slavic. Sauran daidaitattun nau'ikan Serbo-Croatian sune Bosnia, Croatian, da Montenegrin. "Binciken dukkan manyan 'matakan' harshe ya nuna cewa BCS a fili harshe ɗaya ne mai tsarin nahawu guda ɗaya." wani ɓangare na rukunin rukunin Yammacin Kudancin Slavic, amma har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙamus, nahawu da lafazin daidaitattun nau'ikan Serbo-Croatian, kodayake yana kusa da yarukan Kajkavian da Chakavian na Serbo-Croatian[14]).
Tsarin Rubutu
Daidaitaccen harshen Serbia yana amfani da duka Cyrillic (ћирилица, ćirilica) da rubutun Latin (latinica, латиница). Serbian misali ne da ba kasafai ba na synchronic digraphia, yanayin da duk ma'abota ilimi na al'umma suna da tsarin rubutun musanya guda biyu da ke samuwa gare su. Kafofin watsa labaru da masu bugawa yawanci suna zaɓar haruffa ɗaya ko ɗayan. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da haruffa tare da musanyawa; sai dai a fagen shari'a, inda ake buƙatar Cyrillic, babu mahallin da haruffa ɗaya ko wani ya fi rinjaye.
Ko da yake hukumomin harshen Serbia sun amince da matsayin hukuma na rubutun biyu a cikin Standard Serbian na zamani fiye da rabin karni yanzu, saboda dalilai na tarihi, rubutun Cyrillic ya zama rubutun gwamnatin Serbia ta tsarin mulkin 2006.[15]
Ana ci gaba da yin amfani da rubutun Latin a cikin mahallin hukuma, kodayake gwamnati ta nuna sha'awarta na kawar da wannan dabi'a saboda ra'ayin kasa. Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta yi imanin cewa Cyrillic shine "rubutun ainihi" na al'ummar Serbia.[16]
Duk da haka, doka ba ta tsara rubutun a cikin daidaitaccen harshe, ko daidaitaccen harshe kansa ta kowace hanya, ta bar zaɓin rubutun a matsayin abin da ya dace da son rai da kuma yancin kai ta kowane fanni na rayuwa (bugu, watsa labarai, kasuwanci da kasuwanci). da dai sauransu), sai dai a cikin samar da takaddun gwamnati da kuma a cikin rubutaccen sadarwa tare da jami'an jihohi, wanda dole ne ya kasance a cikin Cyrillic.[17]
Tsarin haruffa
Irin tsari na ćirilica (ћирилица) haruffa:
Cyrillic odar da ake kira Azbuka (aзбука): А Б Ж З Д Е Ж З И А К О М М Н О П Р С Т Ћ У Ф Х Ц Ш
Irin tsari na haruffan latinica (латиница):
Tsarin Latin da ake kira Abeceda (абецеда): A B C Č Ć D Dž Đ E F G H I JK Lj M N Nj O P R S Š T U V Z Ž