Millenarianism is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming fundamental transformation of society, after which "all things will be changed".[1] These movements have been especially common among people living under colonialism or other forces that disrupted previous social arrangements.
The phrase "millennialist movement" has been used by scholars in anthropology and history to describe the common features of these religious phenomena when viewed as social movements, and has most often been used to describe the social movements that have taken place in colonized societies.[2]
Christianity itself can be seen as originating in a millenarian movement among Jewish people living under Roman rule, although its characteristics as a social movement quickly changed as it spread through the Roman Empire. The Book of Revelation also predicts a thousand-year reign of Jesus prior to the defeat of Satan.
Millenarian movements
The Andean Taki Unquy movement of the 1560s and 70s, opposing the diseases arriving with the Spanish conquerors.
The presumed death in the battle of Alcácer Quibir of King Sebastian of Portugal in 1578 was not accepted by the Portuguese people. They believed that he would return to lead his kingdom. This Sebastianism was extended to Brazil where the establishment of the secular Republic of Brazil led many to belief Sebastian would reappear to restore monarchy.
The Tepehuán Revolt in 1620s Mexico was an attempt to expel Spanish colonists and priests and return to traditional ways.
The 1637–38 Shimabara Rebellion, including numerous peasants converted to Catholicism.
Tenskwatawa the "Shawnee Prophet", who called for a return to ancestral ways and the defeat of European colonial power since 1805.
Kuzma Alekseyev, a prophet in Mordovia active in 1806–1810 who taught about universal kingdom based on a syncretic Christian—Traditional Mordvin religion
The Ahmadiyya movement, an Islamic messianic movement with millenarian elements, founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908), who claimed to be the Mahdi and Messiah in British India during the late nineteenth century.[3]
The Guaycuruan-speaking Toba attempted to regain control of the Gran Chaco in Argentina in 1904.
The 1905–1907 Maji Maji Rebellion was influenced by an African spirit medium who gave his followers war medicine that he said would turn German bullets into water.