Falsafa
Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = filo, pendo la sofia, hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki. Kwa hiyo ili kutengeneza falsafa yako kunahitajika kuwa na hoja za msingi, hoja zilizojaa hoja (akili), kisha kuiweka falsafa yako kwa jamii ili waisome na kuielewa. Wapo watakaokubaliana na wewe kulingana na hoja zako na wapo watakaokupinga kutokana na hoja zako vilevile.
Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote.
Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.
Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.
Matawi ya falsafa
Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:
- mantiki kama elimu ya kutafakari na mfululizo wa dhana
- maadili ni elimu ya kutenda mema
- metafizikia ni elimu ya vyanzo vya kuwepo, uhai na maarifa
- epistemolojia ni elimu ya ufahamu na mipaka ya yale tunayoweza kujua
Aina za falsafa
Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.
Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.
Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.
Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.
Wanafalsafa
Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale
Wanafalsafa wa mapokeo ya magharibi
- Agostino wa Hippo
- Severini Boesyo
- Thomas Aquinas
- Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Thomas Hobbes
- René Descartes
- John Locke
- Baruch Spinoza
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- George Berkeley
- David Hume
- Immanuel Kant
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Auguste Comte
- Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel
- Arthur Schopenhauer
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Friedrich Engels
- John Stuart Mill
- Søren Kierkegaard
- Karl Marx
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Jacques Maritain
Wanafalsafa wa kisasa kutoka Ulaya na Marekani
- Bertrand Russell
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Simone de Beauvoir
- Ayn Rand
- Karl Popper
- Willard Van Orman Quine
- Eugene T. Gendlin
- Noam Chomsky
- Rudy Garns
Wanafalsafa wa Afrika
Wanafalsafa wa Asia
- Konfutse (Confucius)
- Lao Tze
- Siddharta Gautama (Buddha)
- Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)
- Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- Al-Ghazali
- Zhu Xi
Tazama pia
Marejeo
- A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
- A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
Marejeo mengine
- Vyanzo (google books)
- Edwards, Paul, mhr. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|editorlink=ignored (|editor-link=suggested) (help) - Kant, Immanuel (1881). Critique of Pure Reason. Macmillan.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bowker, John (1999). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-19-866242-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Baldwin, Thomas, mhr. (27 Novemba 2003). The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59104-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Copenhaver, Brian P.; Schmitt, Charles B. (24 Septemba 1992). Renaissance philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-219203-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nadler, Steven (15 Aprili 2008). A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99883-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rutherford, Donald (12 Oktoba 2006). The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82242-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Schmitt, C. B.; Skinner, Quentin, whr. (1988). The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39748-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kenny, Anthony (16 Agosti 2012). A New History of Western Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958988-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons.
{{cite book}}: Text "isbn - Schmitt, C. B.; Skinner, Quentin, whr. (1988). The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39748-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kenny, Anthony (16 Agosti 2012). A New History of Western Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958988-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Copleston, Frederick Charles (1953). A history of philosophy: volume III: Ockham to Suárez. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-0067-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Leaman, Oliver; Morewedge, Parviz (2000). "Islamic philosophy modern". Katika Craig, Edward (mhr.). Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-22364-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Buccellati, Giorgio (1981-01-01). "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 101 (1): 35–47. doi:10.2307/602163.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)" ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
- Utangulizi
- Kwa eneo
- Historia
- Makala muhimu
Viungo vya nje
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Ilihifadhiwa 26 Desemba 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- PhilPapers – a comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books by academic philosophers
- Philosophy Timeline Ilihifadhiwa 8 Machi 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Map of Western Philosophers
- Philosophy Magazines and Journals
- Falsafa katika Open Directory Project
- Philosophy (review) Archived 2012-12-09 at Archive.today
- Philosophy Documentation Center
- Popular Philosophy
- An introduction to philosophy (in unsimple english)