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<div class="navbox-styles">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000000-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000049-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004D-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004A-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004B-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000051-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000050-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004E-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004F-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000055-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000056-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000057-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000058-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000059-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000005A-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000005C-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000005D-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000005E-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000005F-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000060-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000061-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000062-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000063-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000064-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000065-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000067-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000068-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000073-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000081-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000080-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000084-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000000-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000082-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000083-QINU`"'</div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabetقالب:SHORTDESC:Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabet_This_template_is_about_the_letter._For_the_programming_language,_see_C_(programming_language)._For_other_uses,_see_Protection_templates_(disambiguation)._Protection_templates_Protection_templates_خطأ:_لا_توجد_وحدة_بهذا_الاسم_&quot;Technical_reasons&quot;._CC_c(See_below)200px&#124;right&#124;alt=Writing_cursive_forms_of_C&#124;upright=1&#124;Writing_cursive_forms_of_CUsageWriting_systemLatin_scriptTypeAlphabeticLanguage_of_originLatin_languagePhonetic_usage_&#91;c&#93;&#91;k&#93;&#91;t͡ʃ&#93;&#91;t͡s(ʰ)&#93;&#91;d͡ʒ&#93;&#91;ʃ&#93;&#91;s̝&#93;&#91;ʕ&#93;&#91;ʔ&#93;&#91;θ&#93;OthersUnicode_codepointU+0043,_U+0063Alphabetical_position3Numerical_value:_100HistoryDevelopment20px&#124;Pictogram_of_a_Camel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Early_Greek_Gamma20px&#124;Early_Etruscan_CΓ_γ𐌂C_cVariations(See_below)OtherAssociated_numbers100This_page_contains_phonetic_transcriptions_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)._For_an_introductory_guide_on_IPA_symbols,_see_Help:IPA._For_the_distinction_between_&#91;_&#93;,_/_/_and_⟨_⟩,_see_IPA_§_Brackets_and_transcription_d" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabetقالب:SHORTDESC:Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabet_This_template_is_about_the_letter._For_the_programming_language,_see_C_(programming_language)._For_other_uses,_see_Protection_templates_(disambiguation)._Protection_templates_Protection_templates_خطأ:_لا_توجد_وحدة_بهذا_الاسم_&quot;Technical_reasons&quot;._CC_c(See_below)200px&#124;right&#124;alt=Writing_cursive_forms_of_C&#124;upright=1&#124;Writing_cursive_forms_of_CUsageWriting_systemLatin_scriptTypeAlphabeticLanguage_of_originLatin_languagePhonetic_usage_&#91;c&#93;&#91;k&#93;&#91;t͡ʃ&#93;&#91;t͡s(ʰ)&#93;&#91;d͡ʒ&#93;&#91;ʃ&#93;&#91;s̝&#93;&#91;ʕ&#93;&#91;ʔ&#93;&#91;θ&#93;OthersUnicode_codepointU+0043,_U+0063Alphabetical_position3Numerical_value:_100HistoryDevelopment20px&#124;Pictogram_of_a_Camel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Early_Greek_Gamma20px&#124;Early_Etruscan_CΓ_γ𐌂C_cVariations(See_below)OtherAssociated_numbers100This_page_contains_phonetic_transcriptions_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)._For_an_introductory_guide_on_IPA_symbols,_see_Help:IPA._For_the_distinction_between_&#91;_&#93;,_/_/_and_⟨_⟩,_see_IPA_§_Brackets_and_transcription_d" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third letter of the Latin alphabet[[:قالب:SHORTDESC:Third letter of the Latin alphabet]]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This template is about the letter. For the programming language, see [[:C (programming language)]]. For other uses, see [[:Protection templates (disambiguation)]].</div> [[تصنيف:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates|Protection templates]] [[تصنيف:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates|Protection templates]] <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error" id="mw-scribunto-error-849227e2">خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Technical reasons".</span></strong> <table class="infobox"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">C</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;">C c</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">([[C#Related characters|See below]])</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image">[[File:C cursiva.gif|200px|right|alt=Writing cursive forms of C|upright=1|Writing cursive forms of C]]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Latin script]]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Alphabet]]ic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Latin language]]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Phonetic usage</th><td class="infobox-data"> <div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]</span>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Aspirated consonant|ʰ]]</span>)]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s̝]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Glottal stop|ʔ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</span>]</li><li>Others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode codepoint</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+0043, U+0063</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">3<br />'''Numerical value:''' [[Roman numerals|100]]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal;">[[File:Camelus bactrianus-sil.svg|20px|Pictogram of a Camel]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'"`UNIQ--hiero-0000004C-QINU`"'<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Image:Proto-semiticG-01.svg|20px|Gimel]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Image:Phoenician gimel.svg|20px|Gimel]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[File:Greek Gamma 03.svg|20px|Early Greek Gamma]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[File:Early Etruscan C.svg|20px|Early Etruscan C]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Gamma|Γ γ]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[𐌂]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''C c'''</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variations</th><td class="infobox-data">([[C#Related characters|See below]])</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated numbers</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Roman numerals|100]]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddddff; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This page contains '''[[phonetic transcription]]s in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)'''. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]]. For the distinction between <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[ ]</span></span>, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ /</span></span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩</span>, see [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters|IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters]].</td></tr></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:14em"><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">[[File:Latin alphabet Protection templatesprotection templates.svg|Protection templates]]</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title">[[ISO basic Latin alphabet|ISO basic<br/>Latin alphabet]]</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="letter-spacing: 0.1em"> <span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[A|Aa]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[B|Bb]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[C|Cc]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[D|Dd]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[E|Ee]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[F|Ff]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[G|Gg]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[H|Hh]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[I|Ii]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[J|Jj]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[K|Kk]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[L|Ll]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[M|Mm]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[N|Nn]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[O|Oo]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[P|Pp]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[Q|Qq]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[R|Rr]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[S|Ss]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[T|Tt]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[U|Uu]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[V|Vv]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[W|Ww]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[X|Xx]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[Y|Yy]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[Z|Zz]]</span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view">[[قالب:Latin alphabet sidebar|<abbr title="View this template">v</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-talk">[[نقاش القالب:Latin alphabet sidebar|<abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-edit">[[Special:EditPage/قالب:Latin alphabet sidebar|<abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr>]]</li></ul></div></td></tr></table>[[Category:Sidebars with styles needing conversion]] [[File:Copyright.svg|thumb|right|100px|'''C''' in [[copyright symbol]] '''C''', or '''c''', is the third [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''cee'']] (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/]]</span></span>), plural ''cees''.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"' =='"`UNIQ--h-16--QINU`"' History == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Egyptian ! Phoenician <br />''[[gimel|gaml]]'' ! Greek<br />''[[Gamma]]'' ! Etruscan<br />C ! Old Latin<br />C (G) ! [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] <br />C |- style="background:white; text-align:center;" | <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">'"`UNIQ--hiero-00000053-QINU`"'</div> |[[File:Phoenician gimel.svg|30px|Phoenician gimel]] |[[File:Gamma uc lc.svg|55px|Greek Gamma]] |[[File:EtruscanC-01.svg|30px|Etruscan C]] |[[File:Old Latin G.svg|20px|Old Latin]] | [[File:Capitalis monumentalis C.svg|x20px|Latin C]] |} "C" comes from the same letter as "G". The [[Semitic people|Semites]] named it [[gimel]]. The sign is possibly adapted from an [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian hieroglyph]] for a [[Staff-sling|staff sling]], which may have been the meaning of the name ''gimel''. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was ''gamal''. [[Barry B. Powell]], a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".'"`UNIQ--ref-00000054-QINU`"' In the [[Etruscan language]], [[plosive consonant]]s had no contrastive [[phonation|voicing]], so the [[Greek language|Greek]] '[[Gamma|Γ]]' (Gamma) was adopted into the [[Old Italic script#Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan alphabet]] to represent <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>. Already in the [[Western Greek alphabet]], Gamma first took a '[[File:Early Etruscan C.svg|frameless|17x17px]]' form in Early Etruscan, then '[[File:Classical Etruscan C.gif|15px]]' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest [[Latin]] inscriptions, the letters '<span class="smallcaps">c k q</span>' were used to represent the sounds <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> and <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ɡ/</span></span> (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, '<span class="smallcaps">q</span>' was used to represent <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> or <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ɡ/</span></span> before a rounded vowel, '<span class="smallcaps">k</span>' before '<span class="smallcaps">a</span>', and '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' elsewhere.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"' During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ɡ/</span></span>, and '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' itself was retained for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>. The use of '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' (and its variant '<span class="smallcaps">g</span>') replaced most usages of '<span class="smallcaps">k</span>' and '<span class="smallcaps">q</span>'. Hence, in the classical period and after, '<span class="smallcaps">g</span>' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as '<span class="smallcaps">cadmvs</span>', '<span class="smallcaps">cyrvs</span>' and '<span class="smallcaps">phocis</span>', respectively. Other alphabets have letters [[homoglyph]]ic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, like the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter [[Es (Cyrillic)|Es]] (С, с) which derives from the lunate [[sigma (letter)|sigma]], named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon. =='"`UNIQ--h-17--QINU`"' Later use == When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented only <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the [[insular Celtic languages]]: in [[Welsh language|Welsh]],'"`UNIQ--ref-00000066-QINU`"' [[Irish language|Irish]], and [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]], ⟨c⟩ represents only <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>. The [[Old English Latin alphabet|Old English Latin-based writing system]] was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Old English also originally represented <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>; the Modern English words ''kin, break, broken, thick'', and ''seek'' all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc</i></span>, and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">séoc</i></span>. However, during the course of the Old English period, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> before front vowels (<span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/e/</span></span> and <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/i/</span></span>) were [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]], having changed by the tenth century to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[tʃ]</span></span>, though ⟨c⟩ was still used, as in <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a</i></span>. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on almost all modern romance languages (for example, in [[Italian language|Italian]]). In Vulgar Latin, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> became palatalized to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[tʃ]</span></span> in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[ts]</span></span>. Yet for these new sounds ⟨<span class="smallcaps">c</span>⟩ was still used before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k<sup>w</sup>/</span></span> (spelled ⟨<span class="smallcaps">qv</span>⟩) de-labialized to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> meaning that the various Romance languages had <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> before front vowels. In addition, [[Norman language|Norman]] used the letter ⟨k⟩ so that the sound <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could represent either <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> or <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ts/</span></span> depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English after the [[Norman Conquest]], causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">candel, clif, corn, crop, cú</i></span>, remained unchanged, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce</i></span>, were now (without any change of sound) spelled <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke</i></span>, and <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">seoke</i></span>; even <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cniht</i></span> ('knight') was subsequently changed to <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">kniht</i></span> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">þic</i></span> ('thick') changed to <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">thik</i></span> or <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">thikk</i></span>. The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cwēn</i></span> ('queen') and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cwic</i></span> ('quick') became [[Middle English]] <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">quen</i></span> and <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">quik</i></span>, respectively. The sound <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[tʃ]</span></span>, to which Old English palatalized <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented by the digraph ⟨ch⟩, as in ''champ'' (from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la" dir="ltr">camp-um</i></span>) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1160</span>, have in Matt. i-iii, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">child, chyld, riche, mychel</i></span>, for the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cild, rice, mycel,</i></span> of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ts/</span></span> appeared largely in French words like <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno" dir="ltr">processiun, emperice</i></span> and <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno" dir="ltr">grace</i></span>, and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">miltse, bletsien</i></span>, in early Middle English <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">milce, blecien</i></span>. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ts/</span></span> de-affricated to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/s/</span></span>; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/s/</span></span> before front vowels either for [[etymology|etymological]] reasons, as in ''lance, cent'', or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩ for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/z/</span></span>, as in ''ace, mice, once, pence, defence''. Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has ''advise'', ''devise'' (instead of ''*advize'', ''*devize''), while ''advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice'', etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to ''hence, pence, defence'', etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations also wrote ''sence'' for ''sense''. Hence, today the [[Romance languages]] and [[English language|English]] have a common feature inherited from [[Vulgar Latin]] spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a [[Hard and soft C|"hard" or "soft"]] value depending on the following letter. =='"`UNIQ--h-18--QINU`"' Pronunciation and use == <div class="detail" style="width:50%; border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin-left:8em; margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:2px; background:#F9F9F9; font-size:80%;"><span>[[ملف:Crystal Clear app kdict.png|25px]] <span>'''شوف كمان''' :[[Hard and soft C]]</span></span></div> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Pronunciations of Cc ! colspan="5" |Most common pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> ''Languages in italics do not use the [[Latin alphabet]]'' |- !Language !Dialect(s) !Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) !Environment !Notes |- ! colspan="2" |[[Albanian language|Albanian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ![[Arabic language|''Arabic'']] !''[[Cypriot Arabic]]'' |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]/</span> | |Latinization |- ! colspan="2" |[[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Berber languages|''Berber'']] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/</span> | |Latinization |- ! colspan="2" |[[Bukawa language|Bukawa]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Glottal stop|ʔ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Catalan language|Catalan]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Cornish language|Cornish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> | |Standard Written Form |- ! colspan="2" |[[Czech language|Czech]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Danish language|Danish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y, æ, ø | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> |Before e, i,y |in loanwords from Italian |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[English language|English]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Fijian language|Fijian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Filipino language|Filipino]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[French language|French]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Fula language|Fula]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Galician language|Galician]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i |in [[seseo]] zones |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[German language|German]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> |Before ä, e, i, ö, ü, y | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Irish language|Irish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]/</span> |Before e, i; or after i | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Italian language|Italian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2"|''[[Khmer language|Khmer]]'' |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]/</span> | |[[Romanization of Khmer#ALA-LC Romanization Tables|ALA-LC]] latinization |- ![[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] ![[Kurmanji]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Latvian language|Latvian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ![[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] ![[Standard Chinese|Standard]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Aspirated consonant|tsʰ]]/</span> | |[[Pinyin]] latinization |- ! colspan="2" |[[Manding languages|Manding]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Polish language|Polish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Romansh language|Romansh]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Aspirated consonant|kʰ]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Aspirated consonant|kʰʲ]]/</span> |Before e, i; or after i | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Serbo-Croatian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Slovene language|Slovene]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Somali language|Somali]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]/</span> | | |- ! rowspan="3" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] !All |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- !Most of [[Peninsular Spanish|European]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ![[Spanish language in the Americas|American]], [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]], [[Canarian Spanish|Canarian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Swedish language|Swedish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y, ä, ö | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Tatar language|Tatar]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Turkish language|Turkish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Valencian language|Valencian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:No audible release|k̚]]/</span> |Word-final | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless labial–velar plosive|kp]]/</span> |Word-final after u, ô, o | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Tenuis dental click|ǀ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Yabem language|Yabem]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Glottal stop|ʔ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Zulu language|Zulu]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Tenuis dental click|ǀ]]/</span> | | |} ==='"`UNIQ--h-19--QINU`"' English === In [[English orthography]], ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/]]</span></span> before the letters ⟨e⟩ (including the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a "hard" value of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> before any other letters or at the end of a word. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "[[soccer]]" and "[[Pronunciation of Celtic|Celt]]" are words that have <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> where <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/]]</span></span> would be expected. The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may represent the <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span> sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate', and also in the word "ocean" and its derivatives. The digraph ⟨[[Ch (digraph)|ch]]⟩ most commonly represents <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span>, but can also represent <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> (mainly in words of [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] origin) or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span> (mainly in words of [[French language|French]] origin). For some dialects of English, it may also represent <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/]]</span></span> in words like ''loch'', while other speakers pronounce the final sound as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span>. The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ always represents <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span>. The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is often used to represent the sound <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> after short vowels, like "wicket". C is the [[Letter frequency|twelfth most frequently used letter]] in the English language (after [[E]], [[T]], [[A]], [[O]], [[I]], [[N]], [[S]], [[H]], [[R]], [[D]], and [[L]]), with a frequency of about 2.8% in words. ==='"`UNIQ--h-20--QINU`"' Other languages === In the Romance languages [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], ⟨c⟩ generally has a "hard" value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by language. In French, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and some places in Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/s/</span></span> as it is in English. In the Spanish spoken in most of Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a [[voiceless dental fricative]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/θ/</span></span>. In [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the soft ⟨c⟩ is <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[t͡ʃ]</span></span>. Germanic languages usually use c for Romance loans or digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, but the rules vary across languages. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] uses ⟨c⟩ the most, for all Romance loans and the digraph ⟨ch⟩, but unlike English, does not use ⟨c⟩ for native Germanic words like ''komen'', "come". German uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, and the trigraph ⟨sch⟩, but only by itself in unassimilated loanwords and place names. [[Danish language|Danish]] keeps soft ⟨c⟩ in Romance words but changes hard ⟨c⟩ to ⟨k⟩. Swedish has the same rules for soft and hard ⟨c⟩ as Danish, and also uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraph ⟨ck⟩ and the very common word ''och'', "and". [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] are the most restrictive, replacing all cases of ⟨c⟩ with ⟨k⟩ or ⟨s⟩, and reserving ⟨c⟩ for unassimilated loanwords and names. All [[Balto-Slavic languages]] that use the Latin alphabet, as well as [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], several [[Sami languages]], [[Esperanto]], [[Ido]], [[Interlingua]], and [[Americanist phonetic notation]] (and those [[Indigenous languages of North America|aboriginal languages of North America]] whose practical orthography derives from it) use ⟨c⟩ to represent <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡s/</span></span>, the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|voiceless alveolar]] or [[voiceless dental sibilant affricate]]. In [[Hanyu Pinyin]], the standard romanization of [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]], the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡s<sup>h</sup>/</span></span>. Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of sounds. [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay language|Malay]], and a number of African languages such as [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Fula language|Fula]], and [[Manding languages|Manding]] share the soft Italian value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡ʃ/</span></span>. In [[Azeri language|Azeri]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji Kurdish]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ⟨c⟩ stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the [[voiced postalveolar affricate]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/d͡ʒ/</span></span>. In [[Yabem language|Yabem]] and similar languages, such as [[Bukawa language|Bukawa]], ⟨c⟩ stands for a [[glottal stop]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʔ/</span></span>. [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]] use this letter to represent the click <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ǀ/</span></span>. In some other African languages, such as [[Berber Latin alphabet#Berber Latin alphabet and the Tifinagh Berber alphabet|Berber languages]], ⟨c⟩ is used for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʃ/</span></span>. In [[Fijian language|Fijian]], ⟨c⟩ stands for a [[voiced dental fricative]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ð/</span></span>, while in [[Somali language|Somali]] it has the value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/[[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]/</span></span>. The letter ⟨c⟩ is also used as a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of [[Serbian alphabet|Serbian]], [[Romanisation of Macedonian|Macedonian]], and sometimes [[Romanization of Ukrainian|Ukrainian]], along with the digraph ⟨ts⟩. ==='"`UNIQ--h-21--QINU`"' Other systems === As a [[phonetic]] symbol, lowercase <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">c</span>⟩</span> is the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and [[X-SAMPA]] symbol for the [[voiceless palatal plosive]], and capital ⟨C⟩ is the X-SAMPA symbol for the [[voiceless palatal fricative]]. ==='"`UNIQ--h-22--QINU`"' Digraphs === There are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most common being ⟨[[Ch (digraph)|ch]]⟩, which in some languages (such as [[German language|German]]) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ alone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages. As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>, is often used after short vowels in other [[Germanic languages]] such as German and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (other Germanic languages, such as Dutch and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], use ⟨kk⟩ instead). The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, representing <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡ʂ/</span></span> and <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡ʃ/</span></span> respectively. The digraph ⟨sc⟩ represents <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʃ/</span></span> in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this only happens before [[front vowel]]s, while otherwise it represents <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/sk/</span></span>). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʃ/</span></span> in German. =='"`UNIQ--h-23--QINU`"' Related characters == ==='"`UNIQ--h-24--QINU`"' Ancestors, descendants and siblings === [[File:Porvoo.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A curled C in the coat of arms of [[Porvoo]] *𐤂 : [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Gimel]], from which the following symbols originally derive **<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" dir="ltr">Γ γ</span></span> : [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Gamma]], from which C derives ***G g : Latin letter [[G]], which is derived from Latin C ****Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter [[Ȝ]], which is derived from Latin G *[[Phonetic transcription#Alphabetic|Phonetic alphabet]] symbols related to C: **<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</span> : Small c with curl **ʗ : [[ʗ|Stretched c]] **𝼏 : [[𝼏|Stretched c with curl]] - Used by Douglas Beach for a [[Click letter|nasal click]] in his phonetic description of [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]]'"`UNIQ--ref-00000069-QINU`"' **𝼝 : Small letter c with retroflex hook - Para-IPA version of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] retroflex tʂ'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006A-QINU`"' **ꟲ : Modifier letter capital c - Used to mark tone for the [[Chatino language|Chatino]] orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] notation'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006B-QINU`"' *[[ᶜ]] : Modifier letter small c'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' *[[ᶝ]] : Modifier letter small c with curl'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006D-QINU`"' *ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]].'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006E-QINU`"' *Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing [[Mandarin Chinese]] using the early draft version of [[pinyin]] romanization during the mid-1950s'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006F-QINU`"' Add to C with diacritics *C with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ć|Ć ć]] [[Ĉ|Ĉ ĉ]] [[Č|Č č]] [[Ċ|Ċ ċ]] [[Ḉ|Ḉ ḉ]] [[Ƈ|Ƈ ƈ]] [[C̈|C̈ c̈]] [[Ȼ|Ȼ ȼ]] [[Ç|Ç ç]] Ꞔ [[ꞔ]] [[Ꞓ|Ꞓ ꞓ]] *Ↄ ↄ : [[Claudian letters]]'"`UNIQ--ref-00000070-QINU`"' ==='"`UNIQ--h-25--QINU`"' Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols === *© : [[©|copyright symbol]] *℃ : [[℃|degree Celsius]] *¢ : [[¢|cent]] *₡ : [[₡|colón (currency)]] *₢ : [[₢|Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)]] *₵ : [[₵|Ghana cedi (currency)]] *₠ : [[European Currency Unit]] CE *'"`UNIQ--math-00000071-QINU`"' : [[blackboard bold]] C, denoting the [[complex number]]s *ℭ : [[ℭ|blackletter C]] *Ꜿ ꜿ : [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] abbreviation for [[Latin]] syllables con- and com-, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] -us and -os'"`UNIQ--ref-00000072-QINU`"' =='"`UNIQ--h-26--QINU`"' Code points <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span> == These are the [[code point]]s for the forms of the letter in various systems <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error" id="mw-scribunto-error-7d5f9a93">خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Charmap".</span></strong> : <sup>1</sup> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.</span> In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]]. =='"`UNIQ--h-27--QINU`"' Other representations == <div style="width: 500px;"> {| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=100% style="text-align: center; background: white;" |- style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;" | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; line-height:1.3em; padding:0.3em;" | [[NATO spelling alphabet|NATO phonetic]] | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver;" | [[Morse code]] |- style="font-family: monospace; font-weight: bold; line-height: 100%; font-size:150%" | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | Charlie<br /><i style="font-size:75%"> | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; font-size: large;" | <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion nounderlines"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="error" style="display:none;">Audio file "Protection templates morse code.ogg" not found</span></span></span> |} {| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=100% style="text-align: center; background: white;" |- style="height: 80px;" | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[Image:ICS_Charlie.svg|75px|border]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[Image:Semaphore_Charlie.svg|90px]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[File:Sign language C.svg|90px]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[File:BSL letter C.svg|90px]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[Image:Braille_C3.svg|77px|⠉]] |- style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;" | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver; padding-bottom:0.3em;" | [[International maritime signal flags|Signal flag]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[Flag semaphore]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[American manual alphabet]] ([[American Sign Language|ASL]] [[fingerspelling]]) | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[British manual alphabet]] ([[British Sign Language|BSL]] [[fingerspelling]]) | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[Braille pattern dots-14|Braille dots-14]]<br /> [[Unified English Braille]] |} </div> =='"`UNIQ--h-28--QINU`"' Use as a number == In the [[hexadecimal]] (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in [[decimal]] (base 10) counting. <div style="clear:both;" class=></div> =='"`UNIQ--h-29--QINU`"' شوف كمان == *[[Hard and soft C]] *[[Speed of light]], ''c'' =='"`UNIQ--h-30--QINU`"' References == <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width " style="column-width: 8em;"> '"`UNIQ--references-00000074-QINU`"'</div> =='"`UNIQ--h-31--QINU`"' External links == <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image">[[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|40x40px|class=noviewer|alt=|link= ]]</div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">[[Wikisource]] has the text of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']] article "<span style=" font-weight:bold; ">[[Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/C|C]]</span>".</div></div> </div> *[[File:Commons-logo.svg|16x16px|class=noviewer|alt=]] Media related to [[Commons:C|C]] at Wikimedia Commons *[[File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg|16x16px|class=noviewer|alt=]] The dictionary definition of [[wiktionary:C|''C'']] at Wiktionary *[[File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg|16x16px|class=noviewer|alt=]] The dictionary definition of [[wiktionary:c|''c'']] at Wiktionary <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view">[[قالب:Latin script/main|<abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-talk">[[نقاش القالب:Latin script/main|<abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-edit">[[Special:EditPage/قالب:Latin script/main|<abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr>]]</li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">[[Latin script]]</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> * [[History of the Latin script|History]] * [[Spread of the Latin script|Spread]] * [[Romanization]] * [[Roman numerals]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[Latin-script alphabet|Alphabets]] ([[List of Latin-script alphabets|list]])</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> *[[Classical Latin alphabet]] *[[ISO basic Latin alphabet]] *Phonetic alphabets **[[International Phonetic Alphabet]] **[[X-SAMPA]] *[[Spelling alphabet]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters ([[List of Latin-script letters|list]])</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> {| style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;" |- |-<br/> ! colspan="26" | <div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]]</div> |-<br/> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[A|Aa]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[B|Bb]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[C|Cc]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[D|Dd]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[E|Ee]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[F|Ff]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[G|Gg]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[H|Hh]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[I|Ii]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[J|Jj]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[K|Kk]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[L|Ll]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[M|Mm ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[N|Nn]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[O|Oo]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[P|Pp]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[Q|Qq]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[R|Rr]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[S|Ss]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[T|Tt]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[U|Uu]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[V|Vv]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[W|Ww]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[X|Xx]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[Y|Yy]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[Z|Zz ]]</span> |- |-<br/> ! colspan="26" | <div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter C with [[diacritic]]s</div> |-<br/> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ć|Ćć]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ĉ|Ĉĉ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Č|Čč]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ċ|Ċċ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ç|Çç]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ḉ|Ḉḉ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ȼ|Ȼȼ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[C with bar|Ꞓꞓ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ꞔ|Ꞔꞔ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ƈ|Ƈƈ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[ɕ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[𝼝]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |- |- |- |} </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[Latin-script multigraph|Multigraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script digraphs|Digraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> *[[Ch (digraph)|Ch]] *[[Dz (digraph)|Dz]] *[[Dž (digraph)|Dž]] *[[Gh (digraph)|Gh]] *[[IJ (digraph)|IJ]] *[[Lj (digraph)|Lj]] *[[Ll]] *[[Hungarian ly|Ly]] *[[Nh (digraph)|Nh]] *[[Nj (digraph)|Nj]] *[[Ny (digraph)|Ny]] *[[Sh (digraph)|Sh]] *[[Sz (digraph)|Sz]] *[[Th (digraph)|Th]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script trigraphs|Trigraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[Hungarian dzs|dzs]] * [[Eau (trigraph)|eau]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script tetragraphs|Tetragraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> *[[Ough (orthography)|ough]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script pentagraphs|Pentagraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">[[tzsch]]</div></td></tr></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts ([[List of Latin-script keyboard layouts|list]])</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[QWERTY]] * [[QWERTZ]] * [[AZERTY]] * [[Dvorak keyboard layout|Dvorak]] * [[Colemak]] * [[BÉPO]] * [[Neo (keyboard layout)|Neo]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[ISO/IEC 646]] * [[Latin script in Unicode|Unicode]] * [[Western Latin character sets (computing)|Western Latin character sets]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode|Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode]] * [[Latin letters used in mathematics|Letters used in mathematics]] * [[List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks]] </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> * [[Diacritic]]s * [[Palaeography]] </div></td></tr></table></div> [[تصنيف:ISO basic Latin letters]]</div></th></tr><tr><td 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style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> [[Wikipedia:Office actions|Office]]</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-office|pp-office]]}} {{[[Template:pp-reset|pp-reset]]}} {{[[Template:pp-office-dmca|pp-office-dmca]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-reset}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office-dmca}}</span></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-reset}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office-dmca}}</span></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Sockpuppetry</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-sock|pp-sock]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> High-visibility</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-template|pp-template]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Blocked user's talk</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-usertalk|pp-usertalk]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Vandalism</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-vandalism|pp-vandalism]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-move-vandalism|pp-move-vandalism]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Talk page</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:permanently protected|permanently protected]]}} {{[[Template:temporarily protected|temporarily protected]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Long-term</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-semi-indef|pp-semi-indef]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-move-indef|pp-move-indef]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[[Module:Protection banner]]</div></td></tr></table></div>
will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.<div class="navbox-styles">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000000-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000086-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000008A-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000087-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000088-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000008E-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000008D-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000008B-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000008C-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000092-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000093-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000094-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000095-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000096-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000097-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000099-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000009A-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000009B-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000009C-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000009D-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000009E-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000009F-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A0-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A1-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A2-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A4-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A5-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000B0-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000BE-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000BD-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000C1-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000000-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000BF-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000C0-QINU`"'</div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabetقالب:SHORTDESC:Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabet_This_template_is_about_the_letter._For_the_programming_language,_see_C_(programming_language)._For_other_uses,_see_Protection_templates_(disambiguation)._Protection_templates_Protection_templates_خطأ:_لا_توجد_وحدة_بهذا_الاسم_&quot;Technical_reasons&quot;._CC_c(See_below)200px&#124;right&#124;alt=Writing_cursive_forms_of_C&#124;upright=1&#124;Writing_cursive_forms_of_CUsageWriting_systemLatin_scriptTypeAlphabeticLanguage_of_originLatin_languagePhonetic_usage_&#91;c&#93;&#91;k&#93;&#91;t͡ʃ&#93;&#91;t͡s(ʰ)&#93;&#91;d͡ʒ&#93;&#91;ʃ&#93;&#91;s̝&#93;&#91;ʕ&#93;&#91;ʔ&#93;&#91;θ&#93;OthersUnicode_codepointU+0043,_U+0063Alphabetical_position3Numerical_value:_100HistoryDevelopment20px&#124;Pictogram_of_a_Camel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Early_Greek_Gamma20px&#124;Early_Etruscan_CΓ_γ𐌂C_cVariations(See_below)OtherAssociated_numbers100This_page_contains_phonetic_transcriptions_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)._For_an_introductory_guide_on_IPA_symbols,_see_Help:IPA._For_the_distinction_between_&#91;_&#93;,_/_/_and_⟨_⟩,_see_IPA_§_Brackets_and_transcription_d" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabetقالب:SHORTDESC:Third_letter_of_the_Latin_alphabet_This_template_is_about_the_letter._For_the_programming_language,_see_C_(programming_language)._For_other_uses,_see_Protection_templates_(disambiguation)._Protection_templates_Protection_templates_خطأ:_لا_توجد_وحدة_بهذا_الاسم_&quot;Technical_reasons&quot;._CC_c(See_below)200px&#124;right&#124;alt=Writing_cursive_forms_of_C&#124;upright=1&#124;Writing_cursive_forms_of_CUsageWriting_systemLatin_scriptTypeAlphabeticLanguage_of_originLatin_languagePhonetic_usage_&#91;c&#93;&#91;k&#93;&#91;t͡ʃ&#93;&#91;t͡s(ʰ)&#93;&#91;d͡ʒ&#93;&#91;ʃ&#93;&#91;s̝&#93;&#91;ʕ&#93;&#91;ʔ&#93;&#91;θ&#93;OthersUnicode_codepointU+0043,_U+0063Alphabetical_position3Numerical_value:_100HistoryDevelopment20px&#124;Pictogram_of_a_Camel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Gimel20px&#124;Early_Greek_Gamma20px&#124;Early_Etruscan_CΓ_γ𐌂C_cVariations(See_below)OtherAssociated_numbers100This_page_contains_phonetic_transcriptions_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)._For_an_introductory_guide_on_IPA_symbols,_see_Help:IPA._For_the_distinction_between_&#91;_&#93;,_/_/_and_⟨_⟩,_see_IPA_§_Brackets_and_transcription_d" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third letter of the Latin alphabet[[:قالب:SHORTDESC:Third letter of the Latin alphabet]]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This template is about the letter. For the programming language, see [[:C (programming language)]]. For other uses, see [[:Protection templates (disambiguation)]].</div> [[تصنيف:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates|Protection templates]] [[تصنيف:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates|Protection templates]] <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error" id="mw-scribunto-error-849227e2">خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Technical reasons".</span></strong> <table class="infobox"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">C</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;">C c</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">([[C#Related characters|See below]])</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image">[[File:C cursiva.gif|200px|right|alt=Writing cursive forms of C|upright=1|Writing cursive forms of C]]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Latin script]]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Alphabet]]ic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Latin language]]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Phonetic usage</th><td class="infobox-data"> <div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]</span>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Aspirated consonant|ʰ]]</span>)]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s̝]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Glottal stop|ʔ]]</span>]</li><li>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</span>]</li><li>Others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode codepoint</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+0043, U+0063</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">3<br />'''Numerical value:''' [[Roman numerals|100]]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal;">[[File:Camelus bactrianus-sil.svg|20px|Pictogram of a Camel]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'"`UNIQ--hiero-00000089-QINU`"'<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Image:Proto-semiticG-01.svg|20px|Gimel]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Image:Phoenician gimel.svg|20px|Gimel]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[File:Greek Gamma 03.svg|20px|Early Greek Gamma]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[File:Early Etruscan C.svg|20px|Early Etruscan C]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Gamma|Γ γ]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[𐌂]]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''C c'''</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variations</th><td class="infobox-data">([[C#Related characters|See below]])</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated numbers</th><td class="infobox-data">[[Roman numerals|100]]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddddff; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This page contains '''[[phonetic transcription]]s in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)'''. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]]. For the distinction between <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[ ]</span></span>, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ /</span></span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩</span>, see [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters|IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters]].</td></tr></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:14em"><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">[[File:Latin alphabet Protection templatesprotection templates.svg|Protection templates]]</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title">[[ISO basic Latin alphabet|ISO basic<br/>Latin alphabet]]</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="letter-spacing: 0.1em"> <span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[A|Aa]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[B|Bb]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[C|Cc]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[D|Dd]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[E|Ee]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[F|Ff]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[G|Gg]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[H|Hh]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[I|Ii]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[J|Jj]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[K|Kk]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[L|Ll]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[M|Mm]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[N|Nn]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[O|Oo]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[P|Pp]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[Q|Qq]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[R|Rr]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[S|Ss]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[T|Tt]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[U|Uu]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[V|Vv]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[W|Ww]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[X|Xx]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[Y|Yy]]</span><span style="width: 3em; text-align: center; display: inline-block">[[Z|Zz]]</span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view">[[قالب:Latin alphabet sidebar|<abbr title="View this template">v</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-talk">[[نقاش القالب:Latin alphabet sidebar|<abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-edit">[[Special:EditPage/قالب:Latin alphabet sidebar|<abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr>]]</li></ul></div></td></tr></table>[[Category:Sidebars with styles needing conversion]] [[File:Copyright.svg|thumb|right|100px|'''C''' in [[copyright symbol]] '''C''', or '''c''', is the third [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''cee'']] (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/]]</span></span>), plural ''cees''.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008F-QINU`"' =='"`UNIQ--h-32--QINU`"' History == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Egyptian ! Phoenician <br />''[[gimel|gaml]]'' ! Greek<br />''[[Gamma]]'' ! Etruscan<br />C ! Old Latin<br />C (G) ! [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] <br />C |- style="background:white; text-align:center;" | <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">'"`UNIQ--hiero-00000090-QINU`"'</div> |[[File:Phoenician gimel.svg|30px|Phoenician gimel]] |[[File:Gamma uc lc.svg|55px|Greek Gamma]] |[[File:EtruscanC-01.svg|30px|Etruscan C]] |[[File:Old Latin G.svg|20px|Old Latin]] | [[File:Capitalis monumentalis C.svg|x20px|Latin C]] |} "C" comes from the same letter as "G". The [[Semitic people|Semites]] named it [[gimel]]. The sign is possibly adapted from an [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian hieroglyph]] for a [[Staff-sling|staff sling]], which may have been the meaning of the name ''gimel''. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was ''gamal''. [[Barry B. Powell]], a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".'"`UNIQ--ref-00000091-QINU`"' In the [[Etruscan language]], [[plosive consonant]]s had no contrastive [[phonation|voicing]], so the [[Greek language|Greek]] '[[Gamma|Γ]]' (Gamma) was adopted into the [[Old Italic script#Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan alphabet]] to represent <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>. Already in the [[Western Greek alphabet]], Gamma first took a '[[File:Early Etruscan C.svg|frameless|17x17px]]' form in Early Etruscan, then '[[File:Classical Etruscan C.gif|15px]]' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest [[Latin]] inscriptions, the letters '<span class="smallcaps">c k q</span>' were used to represent the sounds <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> and <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ɡ/</span></span> (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, '<span class="smallcaps">q</span>' was used to represent <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> or <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ɡ/</span></span> before a rounded vowel, '<span class="smallcaps">k</span>' before '<span class="smallcaps">a</span>', and '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' elsewhere.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000098-QINU`"' During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ɡ/</span></span>, and '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' itself was retained for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>. The use of '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' (and its variant '<span class="smallcaps">g</span>') replaced most usages of '<span class="smallcaps">k</span>' and '<span class="smallcaps">q</span>'. Hence, in the classical period and after, '<span class="smallcaps">g</span>' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and '<span class="smallcaps">c</span>' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as '<span class="smallcaps">cadmvs</span>', '<span class="smallcaps">cyrvs</span>' and '<span class="smallcaps">phocis</span>', respectively. Other alphabets have letters [[homoglyph]]ic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, like the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter [[Es (Cyrillic)|Es]] (С, с) which derives from the lunate [[sigma (letter)|sigma]], named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon. =='"`UNIQ--h-33--QINU`"' Later use == When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented only <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the [[insular Celtic languages]]: in [[Welsh language|Welsh]],'"`UNIQ--ref-000000A3-QINU`"' [[Irish language|Irish]], and [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]], ⟨c⟩ represents only <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>. The [[Old English Latin alphabet|Old English Latin-based writing system]] was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Old English also originally represented <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>; the Modern English words ''kin, break, broken, thick'', and ''seek'' all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc</i></span>, and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">séoc</i></span>. However, during the course of the Old English period, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> before front vowels (<span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/e/</span></span> and <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/i/</span></span>) were [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]], having changed by the tenth century to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[tʃ]</span></span>, though ⟨c⟩ was still used, as in <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a</i></span>. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on almost all modern romance languages (for example, in [[Italian language|Italian]]). In Vulgar Latin, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> became palatalized to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[tʃ]</span></span> in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[ts]</span></span>. Yet for these new sounds ⟨<span class="smallcaps">c</span>⟩ was still used before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k<sup>w</sup>/</span></span> (spelled ⟨<span class="smallcaps">qv</span>⟩) de-labialized to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> meaning that the various Romance languages had <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> before front vowels. In addition, [[Norman language|Norman]] used the letter ⟨k⟩ so that the sound <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could represent either <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> or <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ts/</span></span> depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English after the [[Norman Conquest]], causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">candel, clif, corn, crop, cú</i></span>, remained unchanged, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce</i></span>, were now (without any change of sound) spelled <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke</i></span>, and <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">seoke</i></span>; even <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cniht</i></span> ('knight') was subsequently changed to <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">kniht</i></span> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">þic</i></span> ('thick') changed to <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">thik</i></span> or <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">thikk</i></span>. The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cwēn</i></span> ('queen') and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cwic</i></span> ('quick') became [[Middle English]] <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">quen</i></span> and <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">quik</i></span>, respectively. The sound <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[tʃ]</span></span>, to which Old English palatalized <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented by the digraph ⟨ch⟩, as in ''champ'' (from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la" dir="ltr">camp-um</i></span>) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1160</span>, have in Matt. i-iii, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">child, chyld, riche, mychel</i></span>, for the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">cild, rice, mycel,</i></span> of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ts/</span></span> appeared largely in French words like <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno" dir="ltr">processiun, emperice</i></span> and <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno" dir="ltr">grace</i></span>, and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang" dir="ltr">miltse, bletsien</i></span>, in early Middle English <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm" dir="ltr">milce, blecien</i></span>. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ts/</span></span> de-affricated to <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/s/</span></span>; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/s/</span></span> before front vowels either for [[etymology|etymological]] reasons, as in ''lance, cent'', or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩ for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/z/</span></span>, as in ''ace, mice, once, pence, defence''. Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has ''advise'', ''devise'' (instead of ''*advize'', ''*devize''), while ''advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice'', etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to ''hence, pence, defence'', etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations also wrote ''sence'' for ''sense''. Hence, today the [[Romance languages]] and [[English language|English]] have a common feature inherited from [[Vulgar Latin]] spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a [[Hard and soft C|"hard" or "soft"]] value depending on the following letter. =='"`UNIQ--h-34--QINU`"' Pronunciation and use == <div class="detail" style="width:50%; border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin-left:8em; margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:2px; background:#F9F9F9; font-size:80%;"><span>[[ملف:Crystal Clear app kdict.png|25px]] <span>'''شوف كمان''' :[[Hard and soft C]]</span></span></div> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Pronunciations of Cc ! colspan="5" |Most common pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> ''Languages in italics do not use the [[Latin alphabet]]'' |- !Language !Dialect(s) !Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) !Environment !Notes |- ! colspan="2" |[[Albanian language|Albanian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ![[Arabic language|''Arabic'']] !''[[Cypriot Arabic]]'' |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]/</span> | |Latinization |- ! colspan="2" |[[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Berber languages|''Berber'']] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/</span> | |Latinization |- ! colspan="2" |[[Bukawa language|Bukawa]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Glottal stop|ʔ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Catalan language|Catalan]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Cornish language|Cornish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> | |Standard Written Form |- ! colspan="2" |[[Czech language|Czech]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Danish language|Danish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y, æ, ø | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> |Before e, i,y |in loanwords from Italian |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[English language|English]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Fijian language|Fijian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Filipino language|Filipino]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[French language|French]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Fula language|Fula]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Galician language|Galician]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i |in [[seseo]] zones |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[German language|German]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> |Before ä, e, i, ö, ü, y | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Irish language|Irish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]/</span> |Before e, i; or after i | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Italian language|Italian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2"|''[[Khmer language|Khmer]]'' |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]/</span> | |[[Romanization of Khmer#ALA-LC Romanization Tables|ALA-LC]] latinization |- ![[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] ![[Kurmanji]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Latvian language|Latvian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ![[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] ![[Standard Chinese|Standard]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Aspirated consonant|tsʰ]]/</span> | |[[Pinyin]] latinization |- ! colspan="2" |[[Manding languages|Manding]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Polish language|Polish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Romansh language|Romansh]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Aspirated consonant|kʰ]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Aspirated consonant|kʰʲ]]/</span> |Before e, i; or after i | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Serbo-Croatian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Slovene language|Slovene]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Somali language|Somali]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]/</span> | | |- ! rowspan="3" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] !All |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- !Most of [[Peninsular Spanish|European]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ![[Spanish language in the Americas|American]], [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]], [[Canarian Spanish|Canarian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Swedish language|Swedish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i, y, ä, ö | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Tatar language|Tatar]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Turkish language|Turkish]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Valencian language|Valencian]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]/</span> |Before e, i | |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:No audible release|k̚]]/</span> |Word-final | |- |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless labial–velar plosive|kp]]/</span> |Word-final after u, ô, o | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Tenuis dental click|ǀ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Yabem language|Yabem]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Glottal stop|ʔ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]/</span> | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Zulu language|Zulu]] |<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/[[:Tenuis dental click|ǀ]]/</span> | | |} ==='"`UNIQ--h-35--QINU`"' English === In [[English orthography]], ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/]]</span></span> before the letters ⟨e⟩ (including the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a "hard" value of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> before any other letters or at the end of a word. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "[[soccer]]" and "[[Pronunciation of Celtic|Celt]]" are words that have <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> where <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/]]</span></span> would be expected. The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may represent the <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span> sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate', and also in the word "ocean" and its derivatives. The digraph ⟨[[Ch (digraph)|ch]]⟩ most commonly represents <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span>, but can also represent <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> (mainly in words of [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] origin) or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span> (mainly in words of [[French language|French]] origin). For some dialects of English, it may also represent <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/]]</span></span> in words like ''loch'', while other speakers pronounce the final sound as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span>. The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ always represents <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/]]</span></span>. The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is often used to represent the sound <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/]]</span></span> after short vowels, like "wicket". C is the [[Letter frequency|twelfth most frequently used letter]] in the English language (after [[E]], [[T]], [[A]], [[O]], [[I]], [[N]], [[S]], [[H]], [[R]], [[D]], and [[L]]), with a frequency of about 2.8% in words. ==='"`UNIQ--h-36--QINU`"' Other languages === In the Romance languages [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], ⟨c⟩ generally has a "hard" value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span> and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by language. In French, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and some places in Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/s/</span></span> as it is in English. In the Spanish spoken in most of Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a [[voiceless dental fricative]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/θ/</span></span>. In [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]], the soft ⟨c⟩ is <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">[t͡ʃ]</span></span>. Germanic languages usually use c for Romance loans or digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, but the rules vary across languages. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] uses ⟨c⟩ the most, for all Romance loans and the digraph ⟨ch⟩, but unlike English, does not use ⟨c⟩ for native Germanic words like ''komen'', "come". German uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, and the trigraph ⟨sch⟩, but only by itself in unassimilated loanwords and place names. [[Danish language|Danish]] keeps soft ⟨c⟩ in Romance words but changes hard ⟨c⟩ to ⟨k⟩. Swedish has the same rules for soft and hard ⟨c⟩ as Danish, and also uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraph ⟨ck⟩ and the very common word ''och'', "and". [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] are the most restrictive, replacing all cases of ⟨c⟩ with ⟨k⟩ or ⟨s⟩, and reserving ⟨c⟩ for unassimilated loanwords and names. All [[Balto-Slavic languages]] that use the Latin alphabet, as well as [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], several [[Sami languages]], [[Esperanto]], [[Ido]], [[Interlingua]], and [[Americanist phonetic notation]] (and those [[Indigenous languages of North America|aboriginal languages of North America]] whose practical orthography derives from it) use ⟨c⟩ to represent <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡s/</span></span>, the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|voiceless alveolar]] or [[voiceless dental sibilant affricate]]. In [[Hanyu Pinyin]], the standard romanization of [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]], the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡s<sup>h</sup>/</span></span>. Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of sounds. [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay language|Malay]], and a number of African languages such as [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Fula language|Fula]], and [[Manding languages|Manding]] share the soft Italian value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡ʃ/</span></span>. In [[Azeri language|Azeri]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji Kurdish]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ⟨c⟩ stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the [[voiced postalveolar affricate]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/d͡ʒ/</span></span>. In [[Yabem language|Yabem]] and similar languages, such as [[Bukawa language|Bukawa]], ⟨c⟩ stands for a [[glottal stop]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʔ/</span></span>. [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]] use this letter to represent the click <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ǀ/</span></span>. In some other African languages, such as [[Berber Latin alphabet#Berber Latin alphabet and the Tifinagh Berber alphabet|Berber languages]], ⟨c⟩ is used for <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʃ/</span></span>. In [[Fijian language|Fijian]], ⟨c⟩ stands for a [[voiced dental fricative]] <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ð/</span></span>, while in [[Somali language|Somali]] it has the value of <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/[[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]/</span></span>. The letter ⟨c⟩ is also used as a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of [[Serbian alphabet|Serbian]], [[Romanisation of Macedonian|Macedonian]], and sometimes [[Romanization of Ukrainian|Ukrainian]], along with the digraph ⟨ts⟩. ==='"`UNIQ--h-37--QINU`"' Other systems === As a [[phonetic]] symbol, lowercase <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">c</span>⟩</span> is the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and [[X-SAMPA]] symbol for the [[voiceless palatal plosive]], and capital ⟨C⟩ is the X-SAMPA symbol for the [[voiceless palatal fricative]]. ==='"`UNIQ--h-38--QINU`"' Digraphs === There are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most common being ⟨[[Ch (digraph)|ch]]⟩, which in some languages (such as [[German language|German]]) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ alone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages. As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/k/</span></span>, is often used after short vowels in other [[Germanic languages]] such as German and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (other Germanic languages, such as Dutch and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], use ⟨kk⟩ instead). The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, representing <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡ʂ/</span></span> and <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/t͡ʃ/</span></span> respectively. The digraph ⟨sc⟩ represents <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʃ/</span></span> in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this only happens before [[front vowel]]s, while otherwise it represents <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/sk/</span></span>). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents <span dir="ltr" title="التعبير عن الصوت فى الألف-به الدوليه الصوتيه" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', Arial, 'Avenir Roman', 'Lucida Grande', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', sans-serif, 'Times New Roman', 'Dialekt Uni';"><span class="nowrap">/ʃ/</span></span> in German. =='"`UNIQ--h-39--QINU`"' Related characters == ==='"`UNIQ--h-40--QINU`"' Ancestors, descendants and siblings === [[File:Porvoo.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A curled C in the coat of arms of [[Porvoo]] *𐤂 : [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Gimel]], from which the following symbols originally derive **<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" dir="ltr">Γ γ</span></span> : [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Gamma]], from which C derives ***G g : Latin letter [[G]], which is derived from Latin C ****Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter [[Ȝ]], which is derived from Latin G *[[Phonetic transcription#Alphabetic|Phonetic alphabet]] symbols related to C: **<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa">[[:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</span> : Small c with curl **ʗ : [[ʗ|Stretched c]] **𝼏 : [[𝼏|Stretched c with curl]] - Used by Douglas Beach for a [[Click letter|nasal click]] in his phonetic description of [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]]'"`UNIQ--ref-000000A6-QINU`"' **𝼝 : Small letter c with retroflex hook - Para-IPA version of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] retroflex tʂ'"`UNIQ--ref-000000A7-QINU`"' **ꟲ : Modifier letter capital c - Used to mark tone for the [[Chatino language|Chatino]] orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] notation'"`UNIQ--ref-000000A8-QINU`"' *[[ᶜ]] : Modifier letter small c'"`UNIQ--ref-000000A9-QINU`"' *[[ᶝ]] : Modifier letter small c with curl'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AA-QINU`"' *ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]].'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AB-QINU`"' *Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing [[Mandarin Chinese]] using the early draft version of [[pinyin]] romanization during the mid-1950s'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AC-QINU`"' Add to C with diacritics *C with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ć|Ć ć]] [[Ĉ|Ĉ ĉ]] [[Č|Č č]] [[Ċ|Ċ ċ]] [[Ḉ|Ḉ ḉ]] [[Ƈ|Ƈ ƈ]] [[C̈|C̈ c̈]] [[Ȼ|Ȼ ȼ]] [[Ç|Ç ç]] Ꞔ [[ꞔ]] [[Ꞓ|Ꞓ ꞓ]] *Ↄ ↄ : [[Claudian letters]]'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AD-QINU`"' ==='"`UNIQ--h-41--QINU`"' Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols === *© : [[©|copyright symbol]] *℃ : [[℃|degree Celsius]] *¢ : [[¢|cent]] *₡ : [[₡|colón (currency)]] *₢ : [[₢|Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)]] *₵ : [[₵|Ghana cedi (currency)]] *₠ : [[European Currency Unit]] CE *'"`UNIQ--math-000000AE-QINU`"' : [[blackboard bold]] C, denoting the [[complex number]]s *ℭ : [[ℭ|blackletter C]] *Ꜿ ꜿ : [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] abbreviation for [[Latin]] syllables con- and com-, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] -us and -os'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AF-QINU`"' =='"`UNIQ--h-42--QINU`"' Code points <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span> == These are the [[code point]]s for the forms of the letter in various systems <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error" id="mw-scribunto-error-7d5f9a93">خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Charmap".</span></strong> : <sup>1</sup> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.</span> In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]]. =='"`UNIQ--h-43--QINU`"' Other representations == <div style="width: 500px;"> {| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=100% style="text-align: center; background: white;" |- style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;" | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; line-height:1.3em; padding:0.3em;" | [[NATO spelling alphabet|NATO phonetic]] | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver;" | [[Morse code]] |- style="font-family: monospace; font-weight: bold; line-height: 100%; font-size:150%" | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | Charlie<br /><i style="font-size:75%"> | width=50% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; font-size: large;" | <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion nounderlines"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="error" style="display:none;">Audio file "Protection templates morse code.ogg" not found</span></span></span> |} {| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=100% style="text-align: center; background: white;" |- style="height: 80px;" | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[Image:ICS_Charlie.svg|75px|border]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[Image:Semaphore_Charlie.svg|90px]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[File:Sign language C.svg|90px]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[File:BSL letter C.svg|90px]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;" | [[Image:Braille_C3.svg|77px|⠉]] |- style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;" | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver; padding-bottom:0.3em;" | [[International maritime signal flags|Signal flag]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[Flag semaphore]] | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[American manual alphabet]] ([[American Sign Language|ASL]] [[fingerspelling]]) | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[British manual alphabet]] ([[British Sign Language|BSL]] [[fingerspelling]]) | width=20% style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;" | [[Braille pattern dots-14|Braille dots-14]]<br /> [[Unified English Braille]] |} </div> =='"`UNIQ--h-44--QINU`"' Use as a number == In the [[hexadecimal]] (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in [[decimal]] (base 10) counting. <div style="clear:both;" class=></div> =='"`UNIQ--h-45--QINU`"' شوف كمان == *[[Hard and soft C]] *[[Speed of light]], ''c'' =='"`UNIQ--h-46--QINU`"' References == <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width " style="column-width: 8em;"> '"`UNIQ--references-000000B1-QINU`"'</div> =='"`UNIQ--h-47--QINU`"' External links == <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image">[[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|40x40px|class=noviewer|alt=|link= ]]</div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">[[Wikisource]] has the text of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']] article "<span style=" font-weight:bold; ">[[Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/C|C]]</span>".</div></div> </div> *[[File:Commons-logo.svg|16x16px|class=noviewer|alt=]] Media related to [[Commons:C|C]] at Wikimedia Commons *[[File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg|16x16px|class=noviewer|alt=]] The dictionary definition of [[wiktionary:C|''C'']] at Wiktionary *[[File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg|16x16px|class=noviewer|alt=]] The dictionary definition of [[wiktionary:c|''c'']] at Wiktionary <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view">[[قالب:Latin script/main|<abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-talk">[[نقاش القالب:Latin script/main|<abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr>]]</li><li class="nv-edit">[[Special:EditPage/قالب:Latin script/main|<abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr>]]</li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">[[Latin script]]</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> * [[History of the Latin script|History]] * [[Spread of the Latin script|Spread]] * [[Romanization]] * [[Roman numerals]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[Latin-script alphabet|Alphabets]] ([[List of Latin-script alphabets|list]])</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> *[[Classical Latin alphabet]] *[[ISO basic Latin alphabet]] *Phonetic alphabets **[[International Phonetic Alphabet]] **[[X-SAMPA]] *[[Spelling alphabet]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters ([[List of Latin-script letters|list]])</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> {| style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;" |- |-<br/> ! colspan="26" | <div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]]</div> |-<br/> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[A|Aa]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[B|Bb]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[C|Cc]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[D|Dd]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[E|Ee]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[F|Ff]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[G|Gg]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[H|Hh]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[I|Ii]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[J|Jj]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[K|Kk]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[L|Ll]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[M|Mm ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[N|Nn]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[O|Oo]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[P|Pp]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[Q|Qq]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[R|Rr]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[S|Ss]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[T|Tt]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[U|Uu]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[V|Vv]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[W|Ww]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[X|Xx]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[Y|Yy]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="">[[Z|Zz ]]</span> |- |-<br/> ! colspan="26" | <div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter C with [[diacritic]]s</div> |-<br/> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ć|Ćć]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ĉ|Ĉĉ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Č|Čč]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ċ|Ċċ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ç|Çç]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ḉ|Ḉḉ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ȼ|Ȼȼ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[C with bar|Ꞓꞓ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ꞔ|Ꞔꞔ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[Ƈ|Ƈƈ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[ɕ]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines">[[𝼝]]</span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;" |<span class="nounderlines"></span> |- |- |- |} </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[Latin-script multigraph|Multigraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script digraphs|Digraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> *[[Ch (digraph)|Ch]] *[[Dz (digraph)|Dz]] *[[Dž (digraph)|Dž]] *[[Gh (digraph)|Gh]] *[[IJ (digraph)|IJ]] *[[Lj (digraph)|Lj]] *[[Ll]] *[[Hungarian ly|Ly]] *[[Nh (digraph)|Nh]] *[[Nj (digraph)|Nj]] *[[Ny (digraph)|Ny]] *[[Sh (digraph)|Sh]] *[[Sz (digraph)|Sz]] *[[Th (digraph)|Th]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script trigraphs|Trigraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[Hungarian dzs|dzs]] * [[Eau (trigraph)|eau]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script tetragraphs|Tetragraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> *[[Ough (orthography)|ough]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[[List of Latin-script pentagraphs|Pentagraphs]]</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">[[tzsch]]</div></td></tr></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts ([[List of Latin-script keyboard layouts|list]])</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[QWERTY]] * [[QWERTZ]] * [[AZERTY]] * [[Dvorak keyboard layout|Dvorak]] * [[Colemak]] * [[BÉPO]] * [[Neo (keyboard layout)|Neo]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[ISO/IEC 646]] * [[Latin script in Unicode|Unicode]] * [[Western Latin character sets (computing)|Western Latin character sets]] </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> * [[List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode|Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode]] * [[Latin letters used in mathematics|Letters used in mathematics]] * [[List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks]] </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> * [[Diacritic]]s * [[Palaeography]] </div></td></tr></table></div> [[تصنيف:ISO basic Latin letters]]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;margin:0 auto;"><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-group" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;"></th><th scope="col" style="background:none;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Edit</span></th><th scope="col" style="background:none;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Move</span></th><th scope="col" style="background:none;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;">[[Wikipedia:Pending changes|Pending changes]]</span></th><th scope="col" style="background:none;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Upload</span></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Generic</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp|pp]]}} {{[[Template:pp-protected|pp-protected]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span class="nowrap">{{pp}}</span> {{[[Template:pp-move|pp-move]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span class="nowrap">{{pp}}</span> {{[[Template:pp-pc|pp-pc]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span class="nowrap">{{pp}}</span> {{[[Template:pp-upload|pp-upload]]}}</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> [[ويكيبيديا:سير حياة ناس لسه عايشين|BLP]]</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-blp|pp-blp]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Dispute</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-dispute|pp-dispute]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-move-dispute|pp-move-dispute]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> [[ويكيبيديا:سياسة الحمايه#Extended_confirmed_protection|Extended confirmed protection]]</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-30-500|pp-30-500]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-30-500|pp-30-500]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> [[الصفحه الرئيسيه|Main Page]]</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-main-page|pp-main-page]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> [[Wikipedia:Office actions|Office]]</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-office|pp-office]]}} {{[[Template:pp-reset|pp-reset]]}} {{[[Template:pp-office-dmca|pp-office-dmca]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-reset}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office-dmca}}</span></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-reset}}</span> <span class="nowrap">{{pp-office-dmca}}</span></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Sockpuppetry</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-sock|pp-sock]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> High-visibility</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-template|pp-template]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Blocked user's talk</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-usertalk|pp-usertalk]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Vandalism</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-vandalism|pp-vandalism]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-move-vandalism|pp-move-vandalism]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Talk page</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:permanently protected|permanently protected]]}} {{[[Template:temporarily protected|temporarily protected]]}}</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="background:whitesmoke;;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-group" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;background:#ddf;font-family:sans-serif;"> Long-term</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-semi-indef|pp-semi-indef]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> {{[[Template:pp-move-indef|pp-move-indef]]}}</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td><td style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:1.0em;padding-right:1.0em;;"> –</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[[Module:Protection banner]]</div></td></tr></table></div>
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🔥 Top keywords: يوتيوبلستة ترتيب الممثلات البورنوجرافيات حسب السن من الاكبر للاصغرالصفحه الرئيسيهدانى كارفاخالسحسن الصباحكريستيانو رونالدومانشستر سيتىالمغربخاص:تدويرعيد الاضحىصلاح الدين الايوبىالرتب العسكريه المصريهرومانيااركان الايمانابراهيم عبد الجوادانطونيو روديجرليستة الامثال المصريهمحمدام كلثوممبراهيم ديازانواع الكلابرليونيل ميسىالائمه الاثنى عشرانواع القططنمر رومانىالمطبخ السورىكيفين دى بروينشتصنيف:اوضاع جنسيهرباعيات الخياملوكا مودريتشالبرت اينشتاينعمر الخيامعمر بن الخطابزى الهوىايدرسون مورايس