Medalla Nacional de la Ciència

Medalla Nacional de la Ciència
	38° 53′ 42″ N, 77° 02′ 12″ O / 38.895°N,77.0367°O
Nom en la llengua original	(en) National Medal of Science
Tipus	premi científic ; medalla
Vigència	1963 -
Interval de temps	1963 -
Localització	Washington DC
Estat	Estats Units
Conferit per	National Science Foundation
Lloc web	nsf.gov…

La Medalla Nacional de Ciència dels Estats Units (en anglès "National Medal of Science") és un premi atorgat pel president nord-americà a persones que han fet importants contribucions en l'avanç de la ciència o l'enginyeria. Els premis es lliuren en sis camps, ciències socials i de la conducta, biologia, química, enginyeria, matemàtiques i ciències físiques. El Comitè de la Medalla Nacional de Ciència, està sota la Fundació Nacional de Ciència (en anglès National Science Foundation, NSF) que és responsable de recomanar els candidats al president.

Ciències socials i de la conducta

1964Roger Adams, Othmar H. Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Charles S. Draper, Solomon Lefschetz, Neal Elgar Miller, Marston Morse, Marshall W. Nirenberg
1986Herbert A. Simon
1987Anne Anastasi, George J. Stigler
1988Milton Friedman
1989Roger Wolcott Sperry
1990Leonid Hurwicz, Patrick Suppes
1991Robert Kates, George A. Miller
1992Eleanor J. Gibson
1994Robert K. Merton
1995Roger N. Shepard
1996Paul A. Samuelson
1997William K. Estes
1998William Julius Wilson
1999Robert M. Solow
2000Gary S. Becker
2001George F. Bass
2003 R. Duncan Llueix
2004 Kenneth Arrow
2005 Gordon H. Bower
2008 Michael I. Posner
2009 Mortimer Mishkin
2011 Anne Treisman
2012 Robert Axelrod
2014 Albert Bandura

Ciències biològiques

1963Cornelius van Niel
1965Francis Peyton Rous, George G. Simpson, Donald D. Van Slyke
1966Edward F. Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William C. Rose, Sewall Wright
1967Kenneth S. Col·le, Harry F. Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred Sturtevant
1968H. A. Barker, Bernard B. Brodie, Detlev W. Bronk, Jay Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969Robert J. Huebner, Ernst Mayr
1970Barbara McClintock, Albert Sabin
1973Daniel I. Arnon, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1974Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Van Gundia Neel, James Augustine Shannon
1975Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Orville Vogel
1976Roger C.L. Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker, I. O. Wilson
1979Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Sever Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul A. Weiss
1981Philip Handler
1982Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn
1983Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell L. Roelofs, Berta Scharrer
1986Stanley Cohen, Donald A. Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Emil Palade, Joan A. Steitz
1987Michael I. Debakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Gobind Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988Michael S. Brown, Stanley N. Cohen, Joseph L. Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric R. Kandel, Rosalyn S. Yalow
1989Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Harland G. Wood
1990Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert W. Boyer, Daniel I. Koshland, Jr., Edward B. Lewis, David G. Nathan, I. Donnall Thomas
1991Mary Ellen Avery, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Salvador Edward Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog, Paul C. Zamecnik
1992Maxine Singer, Howard M. Temin
1993Daniel Nathans, Salome G. Waelsch
1994Thomas Eisner, Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995Alexander Rich
1996Ruth Patrick
1997James D. Watson, Robert A. Weinberg
1998Bruce Estimis, Janet Rowley
1999David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis
2000Nancy C. Andreasen, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese
2001Francisco J. Ayala, Mario R. Capecchi, Ann M. Graybiel, Gene I. Likens, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus
2002James I. Darnell, Evelyn M. Witkin
2003 J. Michael Bishop, Solomon H. Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
2004 Norman Foster Ramsey, Phillip Allen Sharp, Thomas Starzl
2005 Anthony Fauci, Torsten N. Wiesel
2006 Rita R. Colwell, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer
2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz, Bert W. O'Malley
2008 Francis S. Collins, Elaine Fuchs, J. Craig Venter
2009 Susan L. Lindquist, Stanley B. Prusiner
2010 Ralph L. Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch
2011 Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm
2012 May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts
2013 Rakesh K. Jain
2014 Stanley Falkow, Mary-Claire King, Simon Levin

Química

1982F. Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork
1983Roald Hoffmann, George C. Pimentel, Richard N. Zare
1986Harry Gray, Yuan Tseh Lee, Carl S. Marvel, Frank H. Westheimer
1987William Summer Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler
1988William O. Baker, Konrad I. Bloch, Elias J. Corey
1989Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Marcus, Harden M. McConnell
1990Elkan Blout, Karl Folkers, John D. Roberts
1991Ronald Breslow, Gertrude B. Elion, Dudley R. Herschbach, Glenn T. Seaborg
1992Howard I. Simmons, Jr.
1993Donald J. Cram, Norman Hackerman
1994George S. Hammond
1995Thomas Cech, Isabella L. Karle
1996Norman Davidson
1997Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston
1998John W. Cahn, George M. Whitesides
1999Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon
2000John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001Ernest R. Davidson, Gabor A. Somorjai
2002John I. Brauman
2004 Stephen J. Lippard
2006 Marvin H. Caruthers, Peter B. Dervan, Robert S. Langer
2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008 Joanna S. Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe
2009 Stephen J. Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox
2010 Jacqueline K. Barton, Peter J. Stang
2011 Allen J. Bard, M. Frederick Hawthorne
2012 Judith P. Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald
2013 Geraldine Richmond
2014 A. Paul Alivisatos

Ciències de l'enginyeria

1962Theodore von Kármán
1963Vannevar Bush, John Robinson Pierce
1965Hugh L. Dryden, Clarence L. Johnson, Warren K. Lewis
1966Claude I. Shannon
1967Edwin H. Land, Igor I. Sikorsky
1968J. Presper Eckert, Nathan M. Newmark
1969Jack St. Clair Kilby
1970George I. Mueller
1973Harold I. Edgerton, Richard T. Whitcomb
1974Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman
1975Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick I. Terman, Wernher Von Braun
1976Morris Cohen, Peter C. Goldmark, Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979Emmett Leith, Raymond D. Mindlin, Robert N. Noyce, Earl R. Parker, Simon Ram
1982Edward H. Heinemann, Donald L. Katz
1983William R. Hewlett, George M. Low, John G. Trump
1986Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, T. I. Lin, Bernard M. Oliver
1987Robert B. Bird, H. Bolton Seed, Ernst Weber
1988Daniel C. Drucker, Willis M. Hawkins, George W. Housner
1989Harry George Drickamer, Herbert I. Grier
1990Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991George Heilmeier, Lluna B. Leopold, H. Guyford Stever
1992Calvin F. Quate, John Roy Whinnery
1993Alfred I. Cho
1994Ray W. Clough
1995Hermann A. Haus
1996James L. Flanagan, C. Kumar N. Patel
1998Eli Ruckenstein
1999Kenneth N. Stevens
2000Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001Andreas Acrivos
2002Leo Beranek
2003 John M. Prausnitz
2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005 Jan D. Achenbach, Tobin J. Marks
2007 David J. Wineland
2008 Rudolf Kalman
2009 Amnon Yariv
2010 Shu Chien
2011 John Goodenough
2012 Thomas Kailath

Ciències de la computació i matemàtiques

1963Norbert Wiener
1965Oscar Zariski
1966John Milnor
1967Paul Cohen
1968Jerzy Neyman
1969William Feller
1970Richard Brauer
1973John Tukey
1974Kurt Gödel
1975John W. Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern, George Dantzig
1976Kurt Friedrichs, Hassler Whitney
1979Joseph L. Doob, Donald I. Knuth
1982Marshall Harvey Stone
1983Herman Goldstine, Isadore Singer
1986Peter Lax, Antoni Zygmund
1987Raoul Bott, Michael Freedman
1988Ralph I. Gomory, Joseph Keller
1989Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane, Donald C. Spencer
1990George Carrier, Stephen Col·le Kleene, John McCarthy
1991Alberto Calderón
1992Allen Newell
1993Martin Kruskal
1994John Cocke
1995Louis Nirenberg
1996Richard M. Karp, Stephen Smale
1997Shing-Tung Yau
1998Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999Felix Browder, Ronald R. Coifman
2000John Griggs Thompson, Karen K. Uhlenbeck
2001Calyampudi R. Rao, Elias Stein
2002James Glimm
2003 Carl R. de Boor
2004 Dennis P. Sullivan
2005 Bradley Efron
2006 Hyman Bass
2007 Leonard Kleinrock, Andrew J. Viterbi
2009 David B. Mumford
2010 Richard A. Tàpia, Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan
2011 Solomon Golomb, Barry Mazur
2012 Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell (a títol pòstum)
2013 Michael Artin

Ciències físiques

1963Luis W. Alvarez
1964Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey, Robert Burns Woodward
1965John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman, William Rubey
1966Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John H. Van Vleck, Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Louis Hammett, George Kistiakowsky
1968Paul Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager, Eugene Wigner
1969Herbert C. Brown, Wolfgang Panofsky
1970Robert H. Dicke, Allan R. Sandage, John C. Slater, John A. Wheeler, Saul Winstein
1973Carl Djerassi, Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Carl Pauling, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975Hans A. Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Sarett, I. Bright Wilson, Chien-Shiung Wu
1976Samuel Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube, George Uhlenbeck
1979Richard P. Feynman, Herman Mark, Edward M. Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Victor F. Weisskopf
1982Philip W. Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles H. Townes
1983I. Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Regnis, Bruno B. Rossi, J. Robert Schrieffer
1986Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Yang
1987Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul C. Lauterbur, George Pake, James A. Van Allen
1988D. Allan Bromley, Paul (Ching-Wu) Chu, Walter Kohn, Norman F. Ramsey, Jack Steinberger
1989Arnold O. Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel
1990Allan M. Cormack, Edwin M. McMillan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle
1991Arthur L. Schawlow, Ed Stone, Steven Weinberg
1992Eugene Shoemaker
1993Val Fitch, Vera Rubin
1994Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
1995Hans Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich
1996Wallace S. Broecker
1997Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill
1998Do L. Anderson, John Bahcall
1999James Cronin, Leo Kadanoff
2000Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Gilbert F. White
2001Marvin L. Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr., Charles Keeling
2002Richard Garwin, W. Jason Morgan, Edward Witten
2003 G. Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi
2004 Robert N. Clayton
2005 Ralph A. Alpher, Lonnie Thompson
2006 Daniel Kleppner
2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Charles P. Slichter
2008 Berni Alder, James I. Gunn
2009 Yakir Aharonov, Esther M. Conwell, Warren M. Washington
2011 Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates
2012 Burton Richter, Sean C. Solomon
2014 Shirley Ann Jackson

Vegeu també

Referències

National Medal of Science - Recipient Search
National Medal of Science - List of all recipients, by alphabetical order
National Medals 2014
National Medals 2015
National Medals