Emergens

Ideen om emergens har eksisteret siden i hvert fald Aristoteles.^[2]John Stuart Mill^[3]og Julian Huxley^[4]er to af mange videnskabsfolk og filosoffer, som har skrevet om begrebet.

Termen "emergens" blev navngivet af filosoffen G. H. Lewes, som skrev:

"Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference."^[5][6]

Økonomen Jeffrey Goldstein gav den nuværende definition af emergens i tidskriftet Emergence.^[7]Goldstein definerede oprindeligt emergens som: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems".

Goldstein's definition kan yderligere udvide detajleringsgraden i beskrivelsen:

"The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived)." For good measure, Goldstein throws in supervenience.^[8]

System videnskabsmanden Peter Corning siger at levende systemer ikke kan reduceres til de underliggende fysiklove:

^[8]

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• Fromm, Jochen (2005b), Ten Questions about Emergence, arXiv, arXiv:nlin.AO/0509049
• Goodwin, Brian (2001), How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity, Princeton University Press
• Goldstein, Jeffrey (1999), "Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues" (PDF), Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 1 (1): 49-72, doi:10.1207/s15327000em0101_4, arkiveret (PDF) fra originalen 26. marts 2012, hentet 17. januar 2016
• Haag, James W. (2008). Emergent Freedom: Naturalizing Free Will Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-56988-7
• Hayek, Friedrich (1973), Law, Legislation and Liberty, ISBN 0-226-32086-3
• Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979), Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Harvester Press
• Holland, John H. (1998), Emergence from Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-7382-0142-1
• Holman, Peggy. (2010). Engaging Emergence: Turning upheaval into opportunity. San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler. ISBN 978-1-60509-521-9
• Hopfield, John J. (1982), "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79 (8): 2554-2558, Bibcode:1982PNAS...79.2554H, doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554, PMC 346238, PMID 6953413
• Hopper, P. 1998. Emergent Grammar. In: Tomasello, M. eds. 1998. The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches to language structure. Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum, pp. 155–176.
• Huxley, Julian S.; Huxley, Thomas Henry (1947), Evolution and Ethics: 1893-1943, London, 1947: The Pilot Press, s. 120{{citation}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: location (link)
• Johnson, Steven Berlin (2001), Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, Scribner's, ISBN 0-684-86876-8
• Kauffman, Stuart (1993), The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507951-5
• Keller, Rudi (1994), On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language, London/New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-07671-4
• Kauffman, Stuart (1995), At Home in the Universe, New York: Oxford University Press
• Kelly, Kevin (1994), Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, Perseus Books, ISBN 0-201-48340-8
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• Korotayev, A.; Malkov, A.; Khaltourina, D. (2006), Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth, Moscow: URSS, ISBN 5-484-00414-4, arkiveret (PDF) fra originalen 6. juli 2009, hentet 17. januar 2016
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• Ignazio Licata & Ammar Sakaji (eds) (2008). Physics of Emergence and Organization Arkiveret 24. august 2011 hos Wayback Machine, ISBN 978-981-277-994-6, World Scientific and Imperial College Press.
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• Ritchey, Tom (2014), "On a Morphology of Theories of Emergence" (PDF), Acta Morphologica Generalis, 3 (3), arkiveret (PDF) fra originalen 22. december 2015, hentet 17. januar 2016
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• Wan, Poe Yu-ze (2011), Reframing the Social: Emergentist Systemism and Social Theory, Ashgate Publishing, arkiveret fra originalen 11. marts 2013, hentet 17. januar 2016
• Weinstock, Michael (2010), The Architecture of Emergence - the evolution of form in Nature and Civilisation, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-470-06633-4[1] Arkiveret 12. september 2011 hos Wayback Machine
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Wikimedia Commons har medier relateret til: Emergens

• The Emergent Universe Arkiveret 21. marts 2019 hos Wayback Machine: An interactive introduction to emergent phenomena, from ant colonies to Alzheimer's.
• Exploring Emergence Arkiveret 5. december 2002 hos Wayback Machine: An introduction to emergence using CA and Conway's Game of Life from the MIT Media Lab
• ISCE group Arkiveret 28. marts 2018 hos Wayback Machine: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
• Towards modeling of emergence Arkiveret 7. april 2018 hos Wayback Machine: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology
• Biomimetic Architecture - Emergence applied to building and construction Arkiveret 7. februar 2011 hos Wayback Machine