The year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Astronomy
- Félix Savary computes the first orbit of a visual double star when he calculates the orbit of the double star Xi Ursae Majoris.
Biology
- April 18 – Ornithologist Carl Julian (von) Graba lands in the little-studied Faroe Islands for a 3-month visit to research the bird life.
- April 27 – London Zoo opens in Regent's Park for members of the Zoological Society of London.[1]
- October 26 – English naturalist and explorer William John Burchell collects the only known specimen of Parabouchetia brasiliensis, an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family Solanaceae, in central Brazil.
- Karl Ernst von Baer lays the foundations of the science of comparative embryology with his book Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere. He publishes von Baer's laws.
- Martin Lichtenstein publishes a monograph on the Dipodidae, Über die Springmäuse, in Berlin.
- Belfast Botanic Gardens open.
Chemistry
- Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius produces a table of atomic weights and discovers thorium.
- Urea becomes the first organic compound to be artificially synthesised, by Friedrich Wöhler, establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and potentially disproving a cornerstone of vitalism, the belief that life is not subject to the laws of science in the way inanimate objects are.[2][3]
- The van Houten family of the Netherlands invent a press to remove about 50% of the cocoa butter from chocolate.[4]
Medicine
- February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established in the United States.
- April 17 – Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens.
- December 20 – The U.S. State of Georgia legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the 6th public medical school to be established.
- December 24 – Burke and Hare murders: William Burke is sentenced to hang for his part in the
murder of 17 victims to provide bodies for dissection by Edinburgh anatomist Robert Knox.
Paleontology
- January 7 – Rev. Henry Duncan describes his discovery of the fossil footmarks of quadrupeds (Chelichnus duncani) in Permian red sandstone in south west Scotland, the first scientific report of a fossil track.[6]
- December – Mary Anning discovers Britain's first pterosaur fossil at Lyme Regis on the Jurassic Coast of England.
- Adolphe Theodore Brongniart publishes Prodrome d'une histoire des Végétaux Fossils, a study of fossil plants.
Physics
- Self-taught English mathematician George Green publishes An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism[7] in Nottingham, the first mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, introducing a form of divergence theorem (a version of Green's theorem), the idea of potential theory, and the concept of what will come to be called Green's functions.[8][9]
- Irish astronomer William Rowan Hamilton publishes Theory of Systems of Rays.
Technology
- October 1 – James Beaumont Neilson of Scotland patents the hot blast process for ironmaking.[10]
- Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.
- The brothers John and Charles Deane produce the first diving helmet by adaptation of a smoke helmet produced for them by Augustus Siebe.[11]
- Scottish architect Peter Nicholson sets out a method of preparing stones for construction of a helicoidal skew arch.[12][13][14]
- John Deats obtains his first United States patent for an improved plow.
Institutions
- Imperial Petersburg Institute of Technology established in the Russian Empire.
Awards
- Copley Medal: not awarded[15]
Births
- April 17
- Sampson Gamgee (died 1886), Tuscan-born English surgeon.
- Johanna Mestorf (died 1909), German prehistoric archaeologist.
- March 24 – Jules Verne (died 1905), French science fiction author.
- April 29 – Étienne Stéphane Tarnier (died 1897), French obstetrician.
- May 8 – Jean Henri Dunant (died 1910), Swiss founder of the Red Cross.
- June 21 – Ferdinand André Fouqué (died 1904), French geologist and petrologist.
- July 23 – Jonathan Hutchinson (died 1913), English physician.
- August 6 – Andrew Taylor Still (died 1917), American "father of osteopathy".
- August 28 – William A. Hammond (died 1900), American military physician and neurologist.
- September 15 – Aleksandr Butlerov (died 1886), Russian chemist.
- October 31 – Joseph Swan (died 1914), English surgeon.
- November 22 – Lydia Shackleton (died 1914), Irish botanical artist.
Deaths
- March 17 – James Edward Smith (born 1759), English botanist.
- March 23 – David Friesenhausen (born 1756), German-Hungarian-Jewish rabbi, mathematician and astronomer.
- July 5 – Andrew Duncan (born 1744), Scottish physician.
- August 8 – Carl Peter Thunberg (born 1743), Swedish botanist.
- August 22 – Franz Joseph Gall (born 1758), German-born neuroanatomist.
- September 3 - Jean Boniface Textoris (born 1773), French military surgeon.[16]
- December 22 – William Hyde Wollaston (born 1766), English chemist.
References
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