Admiralty scaffolding

Of a number of similar designs, by far the most common was designated obstacle Z.1. This design comprised upright tubes 9 feet (2.7 m) high and 4 feet 10 inches (1.5 m) apart, these were connected by up to four horizontal tubes. Each upright was braced by a pair of diagonal tubes, at about 45°, to the rear.^[6] 20-foot (6 m) wide sections were assembled then carried to the sea to be placed in position at the half tide mark as an obstacle to boats.^[6]

However, trials found that a 250-ton barge at 5+1⁄2 knots (6.3 mph; 10.2 km/h) or an 80-ton trawler at 7+1⁄2 knots (8.6 mph; 13.9 km/h) would pass through the obstacle as if it were not there and a trawler easily pulled out one bay with an attached wire rope.^[7] Tests in October 1940 confirmed that tanks could only break through with difficulty, as a result Z.1 was adopted as an anti-tank barrier for beaches thought suitable for landing tanks. As an anti-tank barrier it was placed at or just above the high water point^[6] where it would be difficult for tanks to get enough momentum to break through the barrier. In some places, two sets of scaffolding were set up, one in the water against boats and one at high water against tanks.^[8]

The problem of securing the barriers on sand was overcome by the development of the "sword picket" by Stewarts & Lloyds – this device was later known at the Admiralty as the "Wallace Sword".^[7][9]

Barriers varying in length from a couple of hundred feet to three miles were constructed consuming 50% of Britain's production of scaffolding steel^[6] at an estimated cost of £6,600 per mile^[6] (equivalent to £460,000 today^[10]). Despite this, many miles of Admiralty scaffolding were erected using more than 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of scaffolding tube.^[9]

After the war, the scaffolding got in the way of swimmers,^[11][12] subsequently it was removed for scrap and remaining traces are very rare, but occasionally revealed by storms.^{[13][14][15][16][17]}

• British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
• British hardened field defences of World War II

Notes

General references

• Foot, William (2006). Beaches, fields, streets, and hills ... the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940. Council for British Archaeology. ISBN 1-902771-53-2.
• Ruddy, Austin (2003). British Anti-Invasion Defences 1940–1945. Official Handbook of the Pillbox Study Group. Historic Military Press. ISBN 1-901313-20-4.
• Wills, Henry (1985). Pillboxes: A Study of UK Defences. Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-436-57360-1.

Collections

• "The National Archives". Repository of UK government records. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.

• Mark Harrison. "Forgotten Frontline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2010.