The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is part of the Indo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.
The standard division of Germanic is into three branches:
They all descend from Proto-Germanic, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.
South Germanic languages, an attempt to classify some of the West Germanic languages into a separate group, is rejected by the overwhelming majority of scholars.
† denotes extinct languages.
West Germanic
- Proto-West Germanic
- High German languages
- Old High German† & Middle High German†
- Upper German
- High Franconian
- Alemannic German
- Swabian German, including Stuttgart
- Low Alemannic German, including the area of Lake Constance and Basel German
- Central Alemannic
- Walser German
- High Alemannic German, including Zürich German and Bernese German
- Highest Alemannic German, including the Bernese Oberland dialects and Walliser German
- Bavarian
- Northern Bavarian (including Nuremberg)
- Central Bavarian (including Munich and Vienna)
- Southern Bavarian (including Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, and Bolzano, Italy)
- Mócheno
- Cimbrian
- Central German languages
- West Central German
- Amana German
- Ripuarian Franconian
- Moselle Franconian
- Rhine Franconian
- North Hessian
- Central Hessian
- East Hessian
- Pennsylvania German (spoken by the Amish and other groups in southeastern Pennsylvania
- East Central German
- West Central German
- Hutterite German aka "Tirolean"
- Yiddish (with a significant influx of vocabulary from Hebrew and other languages, and traditionally written in the Hebrew alphabet)
- Halcnovian
- Wymysorys (with a significant influence from Low Saxon, Dutch, Polish, and Scots)
- Upper German
- Old High German† & Middle High German†
- Low Franconian languages
- Old Frankish†
- Old Low Franconian†
- Old East Low Franconian†
- Old West Low Franconian† / Old Dutch†
- Middle Dutch†
- Modern Dutch
- Afrikaans (with a significant influx of vocabulary from other languages)
- Middle Dutch†
- Old Low Franconian†
- Old Frankish†
- High German languages
- Low German languages
- Old Saxon† & Middle Low German†
- West Low German
- East Low German
- Brandenburgisch
- Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
- Middle Pomeranian
- East Pomeranian
- Low Prussian
- Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low German, used also in many other countries)
- Old Saxon† & Middle Low German†
- Low German languages
- Anglo-Frisian
- Old Frisian†
- Frisian
- West Frisian languages
- West Frisian language (spoken in the Netherlands)
- Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
- Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
- Noardhoeks
- South Frisian (Súdhoeks)
- Southwest Frisian (Súdwesthoeksk)
- Schiermonnikoogs
- Hindeloopers
- Aasters
- Westers
- West Frisian language (spoken in the Netherlands)
- East Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- North Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- Mainland Frisian
- Island Frisian
- West Frisian languages
- Frisian
- Anglic
- English language (dialects)
- Old English†
- Middle English† (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Early Modern English†
- Modern English
- British English (English English, including Northern English, East Midlands English, West Midlands English, Southern English, and others, Welsh English, Scottish English) and Irish English
- North American English (American English and Canadian English)
- Australian English and New Zealand English
- South African English
- Zimbabwean English
- South Asian English (Indian English)
- South-East Asian English (Philippine English, Singapore English, Malaysian English)
- West Indian English (Caribbean English)
- Modern English
- Early Modern English†
- Middle English† (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Old English†
- Lowland Scots
- Early Scots†[1]
- Middle Scots†
- Modern Scots
- Glasgow
- Northern Scots
- North Northern
- Mid Northern (North East Scots or the Doric)
- South Northern
- Central Scots
- North East Central
- South East Central
- West Central
- South West Central
- Southern Scots
- Insular Scots
- Ulster Scots
- Modern Scots
- Middle Scots†
- Early Scots†[1]
- Yola†
- Fingallian†
- English language (dialects)
- Old Frisian†
- Anglo-Frisian
North Germanic
- Ancestral classification
- Proto-Norse †
- Old Norse †
- West Scandinavian
- Old West Norse †
- Old Norwegian †
- Middle Norwegian †
- Modern Norwegian dialects
- Nordnorsk (Northern Norway)
- Bodø dialect (Bodø)
- Brønnøy dialect (Brønnøy)
- Helgeland dialect (Helgeland)
- other dialects
- Trøndersk (Trøndelag)
- Fosen dialect (Fosen)
- Härjedal dialect (Härjedalen)
- Jämtland dialects (Jämtland province) (wide linguistic similarity with the Trøndersk dialects in Norway)
- Meldal dialect (Meldal)
- Tydal dialect (Tydal)
- other dialects
- Vestlandsk (Western and Southern Norway)
- West (Vestlandet)
- Bergen dialect (Bergen)
- Haugesund dialect (Haugesund)
- Jærsk dialect (Jæren district)
- Karmøy dialect (Karmøy)
- Nordmøre dialects (Nordmøre)
- Sunndalsøra dialect (Sunndalsøra)
- Romsdal dialect (Romsdal)
- Sandnes dialect (Sandnes)
- Sogn dialect (Sogn district)
- Sunnmøre dialect (Sunnmøre)
- Stavanger dialect (Stavanger)
- Strilar dialect (Midhordland district)
- South (Sørlandet)
- Arendal dialect (Arendal region)
- Valle-Setesdalsk dialect (Upper Setesdal, Valle)
- other dialects
- West (Vestlandet)
- Østlandsk (Eastern Norway)
- Flatbygd dialects (Lowland districts)
- Vikværsk dialects (Viken district)
- Andebu dialect (Andebu)
- Bohuslän dialect (Bohuslän province) (influenced by Swedish in retrospective)
- Grenland dialect (Grenland district)
- Oslo dialect (Oslo)
- Midtøstland dialects (Mid-east districts)
- Ringerike dialects (Ringerike district)
- Oppland dialect (Opplandene district)
- Hadeland dialect (Hadeland district)
- Østerdal dialect (Viken district)
- Särna-Idre dialect (Särna and Idre)
- Vikværsk dialects (Viken district)
- Midland dialects (Midland districts)
- Gudbrandsdal dialect (Gudbrandsdalen, Oppland and Upper Folldal, Hedmark)
- Hallingdal-Valdres dialects (Hallingdal, Valdres)
- Hallingdal dialect
- Valdris dialect (Valdres district)
- Telemark-Numedal dialects (Telemark and Numedal)
- Bø dialect
- other dialects
- Flatbygd dialects (Lowland districts)
- Nordnorsk (Northern Norway)
- Modern Norwegian dialects
- Old Faroese †
- Middle Faroese †
- Modern Faroese
- Middle Faroese †
- Norn †
- Caithness Norn †
- Orkney Norn †
- Shetland Norn †
- Middle Norwegian †
- Old Icelandic †
- Middle Icelandic †
- Modern Icelandic
- Middle Icelandic †
- Greenlandic Norse †
- Old Norwegian †
- Old West Norse †
- East Scandinavian
- Old East Norse †
- Old Danish †
- Middle Danish †
- Modern Danish
- Bornholmsk
- Island Danish
- Jutlandic/Jutish
- North Jutlandic
- East Jutlandic
- West Jutlandic
- South Jutlandic (Danish: Slesvig; German: Schleswig)
- Gøtudanskt (Faroese street Danish)
- Urban East Norwegian (generally considered a Norwegian dialect)
- Modern Danish
- Middle Danish †
- Old Swedish †
- Modern Swedish
- Norrland dialects
- Svealand Swedish
- Dalecarlian
- Elfdalian (considered a Swedish Sveamål dialect, but has official orthography and is, because of a lower degree of mutual intelligibility with Swedish, considered a separate language by many linguists, see p. 6 in this reference)
- Dalecarlian
- Götamål (Götaland)
- East Swedish
- Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia
- Other dialects of Finland Swedish
- Estonian Swedish
- South Swedish
- Gutnish
- Modern Swedish
- Old Danish †
- Old East Norse †
- West Scandinavian
- Old Norse †
- Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages based on mutual intelligibility
East Germanic
External links
References
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