Jennifer Pan

Jennifer Pan's mother, Bich Ha Pan (pronounced "Bick"),^{[note 1]} and father, Huei Hann Pan,^{[note 2]} were ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam (Viet Hoa) to Canada.^[2] Hann was born and educated in Vietnam, moving to Canada in 1979 as a refugee. Bich also migrated as a refugee. The couple were married in Toronto and lived in Scarborough. Their two children are Jennifer, born 1986, and Felix, born 1989.^[3][4] The Pans found work at Magna International, an auto parts manufacturer in Aurora, Ontario.^[3] Hann worked as a tool and die maker, while Bich made car parts. By 2004, Hann and Bich purchased a house with a two-car garage on a residential street in Markham, a city in the Greater Toronto Area with a large Asian population.^[5]

Jennifer's parents set many goals for their children and had extremely high expectations of them. Jennifer was made to take piano lessons at the age of four from Fernando Baldassini, as well as figure skating classes, where she trained most days during the week. She had hopes of becoming an Olympic figure skating champion until she tore a ligament in her knee. Jennifer attended Mary Ward Catholic Secondary School where she played the flute in the school band.^[3] According to her high school friend Karen K. Ho, Hann was seen as "the classic tiger dad," and Bich was "his reluctant accomplice." The Pans picked Jennifer up when classes ended each day and monitored her extracurricular activities very closely. They never permitted her to date while attending high school or to attend high school dances, out of fear that these activities would distract her from her academic commitments. Jennifer was not permitted to attend any parties during the time her parents believed she was attending university. At the age of 22, "she had never gone to a club, been drunk, visited a friend's cottage or gone on vacation without her family."^[3] Jennifer and her friends reportedly regarded this upbringing as restrictive and greatly oppressive.^[3]

Despite her parents' high expectations that Jennifer receive good grades in lower school, her grades throughout high school were somewhat average (in the 70% range) except for music. By forging report cards, she deceived her parents into thinking she earned straight As. When Jennifer failed calculus class in grade 12, Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) rescinded her early admission. As she could not bear to be perceived as a failure, she began to lie to those she knew, including her parents, and pretended she was attending university. Instead, she sat in cafés, taught as a piano instructor and worked in a restaurant to earn money. In order to maintain the charade, Jennifer told her parents she had won scholarships, later falsely claiming that she had accepted an offer into the pharmacology program at the University of Toronto. She went to the extent of purchasing second-hand textbooks and watching videos related to pharmacology in order to create notebooks full of purported class notes that she could show her parents.^[3]

Jennifer also requested permission from her parents to stay near the campus with a friend throughout the week. She was actually staying with her boyfriend, Daniel Chi-Kwong Wong,^{[note 3][7]} whom she had met in high school.^[3][5] Wong is of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry, and resided in Ajax.^[5][8][9] He was an active marijuana dealer and managed a Boston Pizza.^{[3] [10][11]} Once a student at Mary Ward, he transferred to Cardinal Carter Academy in North York, Toronto, due to low grades, and later studied at York University.^[3]

While pretending to complete her degree at Ryerson University (now known as Toronto Metropolitan University), Pan told her parents that she had started working as a volunteer at The Hospital for Sick Children. Hann and Bich soon became suspicious when they realized she did not have a hospital ID badge or uniform. On one occasion, Bich followed her daughter to "work" and quickly discovered her deception. Greatly angered, Hann wanted to throw Jennifer out of the house, but Bich persuaded him to allow her to stay. As she had not completed high school due to failing calculus, a course she had been pressured by her parents to take, she eventually began working to finish high school completely and was later encouraged by her parents to apply to university. She was, however, forbidden to contact Wong due to his parents being from different ethnic backgrounds (according to Pan), or to go anywhere except for her piano-teaching job. Nevertheless, she and Wong spoke secretly during this period.^[3]

By the time Jennifer was 24, Wong had grown weary of trying to pursue a relationship with her because of the restrictions imposed on Jennifer by her parents, including requiring her to live at home, which allowed them to only meet in secret. Wong broke off the relationship and began to date another young woman.^[3] After learning of this new relationship, Pan falsely informed Wong that a man had entered her house, showing what appeared to be a police badge, after which several men also rushed in and gang-raped her. She claimed that after this a bullet was mailed to her, and that both of these events were orchestrated by Wong's new girlfriend.^[3]

In spring 2010, Pan was in contact with Andrew Montemayor, a high school friend who, she claims, had boasted in their high school years about robbing people at knifepoint, an assertion denied by Montemayor. Montemayor introduced her to Ricardo Duncan, a "goth kid" whom Pan claims she gave $1,500 to kill her father in the parking lot at his workplace. Duncan alleged that she once gave him $200 for a night out, but that he returned it, and that he rebuffed her when she asked him to kill her parents.^[3]

Pan and Wong were back in contact at this time and, according to the police, came up with a plan to hire a professional hitman for $10,000 to kill her parents, calculating that she would then inherit $500,000. They planned to move in together. Wong connected Pan with a man,^[3] Lenford Roy Crawford,^[9] Jamaican-born,^[12] whom he called Homeboy, and gave her a SIM card and an iPhone so that she could contact Crawford without using her usual cell phone.^[3] Crawford contacted another man,^[13] named Eric Shawn "Sniper" Carty,^[14] who in turn contacted Montreal-born David Mylvaganam.^[13][2] Crawford lived in Brampton and Mylvaganam lived in Toronto, while Carty,^[9] who previously lived in Rexdale, Toronto,^[14] at the time did not have a fixed residence.^[9] The Crown (prosecution) stated that Mylvaganam was one of the hitmen.^[13] Carty was later convicted for an unrelated 2009 murder.^[15]

The murder took place at the Pan house in the Unionville neighbourhood in Markham, Ontario.^[16] On November 8, 2010, Pan unlocked the front door of the family home when she went to bed, then spoke by phone to Mylvaganam. Shortly afterwards, Mylvaganam and two other people entered the home through the unlocked front door, all carrying guns.^[3] In the court testimony, the Crown did not establish the identity of the other two hitmen; Wong and Crawford were at work.^[13] Carty stated that he was the driver for those who broke into the house, and that he selected them and was involved in plotting the attack. He did not state that he was one of the three or that he directly attacked others.^[15] The identity of the triggerman remains unknown.^[15]

After demanding all the money in the house and ransacking the main bedroom, the three men took Bich and Hann to the basement, where they shot them multiple times. Bich was killed, but Hann survived his injuries. The three men then took $2,000 from Pan and left. Pan claimed that they tied her up, but managed to dial 9-1-1.^[3] Hann Pan was treated at Markham Stouffville Hospital,^[17] before being moved to a trauma unit^[18] at Sunnybrook Hospital in Toronto,^[19] by aircraft.^[18]

Police initially believed the family's wealth lured the perpetrators into the house, but began to grow skeptical as numerous valuables were not stolen and the fact that Pan was left unharmed and dialed 9-1-1 while having her hands bound together. The evening after the murder, Pan underwent her first interview with the police.^[20] Hann Pan later woke up from a coma and told police that he recalled seeing Pan whispering to one of the hitmen in a friendly and soft manner. Pan was arrested on November 22, 2010,^[21] during her third interview at the Markham police station (5 District) of York Regional Police.^[22][23] During that interview Pan admitted that she had hired the killers, but claimed that she hired them to kill her and not her parents.^[24] The interrogating police officer, William "Bill" Goetz,^[3][24] falsely told Pan that he had computer software that could analyse untruths in statements and that there were satellites that used infrared technology to analyse movements in buildings;^[24] in Canada, police are legally allowed to lie to those they are interrogating in regard to the evidence in the trial,^[25] as well as in regard to the strategies they are using.^[26] Goetz had used the Reid technique to obtain Pan's confession.^[27]

Mylvaganam was arrested at the Jane Finch Mall in North York, Toronto, on April 14, 2011. Carty was arrested at the prison he was held in, Maplehurst Correctional Complex in Milton, Ontario, on April 15.^[28] Wong was arrested on April 26 at his place of employment.^[10] Crawford was the final suspect arrested, entering custody on May 4 in Brampton.^[29] Pan was held at Central East Correctional Centre in Lindsay, Ontario as a pre-trial inmate.^[30]

The trial of Pan and her accomplices began on March 19, 2014, in Newmarket and continued for ten months. All pleaded not guilty to the charges of first degree murder, attempted murder, and conspiracy to commit murder. At the trial, York Regional Police evidence included exhaustive tracking of the mobile device movements and text message traffic, including over 100 messages sent between Pan and Wong in the six hours prior to the killing.^[31][32] Further evidence centered around the atypical nature of the "break-in", "robbery", shootings, and irregularities in Pan's testimony. Pan's obsession with Wong, her lack of true emotion and a confession regarding the attack, and recognition of the trauma she underwent were also detailed.^[32] A major irregularity was that Pan was not assaulted, blindfolded, taken to the basement, nor shot, leaving behind an eyewitness to the attack. Evidence from Hann, which differed greatly from Pan's version, also undermined her credibility. The trial included over 200 exhibits; over 50 witnesses testified at the trial.^[3]

Pan, Wong, Mylvaganam, and Crawford were all convicted on December 13, 2014, and each received a life sentence with no chance of parole for 25 years.^{[3][33][34][35]}

Originally, Carty was trialed with the other perpetrators. Edward Sapiano, Carty's lawyer, fell ill,^[11] so around the summer of 2014, his case was declared a mistrial. In December 2015, Carty received an 18-year sentence after pleading guilty to conspiring to commit murder, with eligibility for parole after nine years. According to Carty, he did not wish to subject Hann Pan to another criminal trial.^[15]

Penalties and imprisonment

Jennifer Pan was sentenced to life with no chance of parole for 25 years for the murder of her mother, and attempted murder of her father. Pan's father and brother requested a restraining order to ban her from ever contacting members of her surviving family again. Overruling the objections of the defense lawyers, the judge filed the order.^[35] Pan is also banned from ever contacting Wong again.^[36]

As of 2016^[update], Pan was incarcerated at the Grand Valley Institution for Women in Kitchener, Ontario.^[37] Wong, previously held in Lindsay, Ontario, was at Collins Bay Institution in Kingston, Ontario. Mylvaganam was at Atlantic Institution in Renous, New Brunswick.^[38] Crawford was at Kent Institution in Agassiz, British Columbia.^[39] Carty, who requested to go to a federal prison in Western Canada or Atlantic Canada, was still at the provincial Millhaven Assessment Unit, awaiting his transfer to a federal prison.^[37] He later moved to Kent, where he died in his cell on April 26, 2018.^[14]

Appeal and new trial

In May 2023, the Court of Appeal for Ontario granted an appeal by Pan and her three co-conspirators on the first degree murder charge and ordered a new trial. It ruled that the trial judge had incorrectly instructed the jury to only consider two scenarios that would justify a first-degree murder charge, instead of allowing them to consider scenarios that would lead to second-degree murder and manslaughter charges. The court also upheld the convictions for attempted murder of Pan's father.^[40]

According to the South China Morning Post, the case "sent shockwaves across Canada and the Asian diaspora."^[2] An editorial in the Northwest Asian Weekly suggested consideration of the "idea of recognizing the mental and psychological symptoms that parenting may have gone too far" in the Pan household.^[41] A story by Karen K. Ho in Toronto Life magazine brought the story to widespread attention by framing it as an instance of tiger parenting gone tragically wrong.^[3][4][41]

In 2016, journalist Jeremy Grimaldi published a true crime book about Pan called A Daughter's Deadly Deception: The Jennifer Pan Story.^[2][5] The podcasts Casefile, My Favorite Murder, Wine and Crime and the Deadly Women series also covered the case.^[32]

Bich Ha Pan's funeral was held on November 15, 2010, and took place at the Ogden Chapel in Scarborough. A funeral for Bich Ha's father was held, according to Pan, prior to Bich Ha's to satisfy a Chinese custom that asks for older members of the family to have their funerals first. Jennifer Pan had organized both funerals and had been asked to do so.^[42] Bich Ha was buried on November 19.^[43] Hann Pan could not attend due to his injuries.^[44]

On April 10, 2024, Netflix released a true crime documentary about the case, titled What Jennifer Did. The documentary, directed by Jenny Popplewell, interviews police officers and people around Pan and contains footage of the interviews police conducted with Pan.^[45] Shortly after the release of the documentary, several news outlets reported that Netflix had apparently used AI generated images of Pan in the documentary without disclosing so.^[46][47][48] In an interview with the Toronto Star, executive producer Jeremy Grimaldi denied using generative AI. He said distortions to the images were caused by the team using photo editing software to anonymize the photos to protect the identity of the source who supplied them.^[49]

• Bart Whitaker – An American man who ordered a hit on his family after he faked continuing attending a university
• Jean-Claude Romand – A French impostor who pretended to be a medical doctor for 18 years before killing his family when he was about to be exposed
• Sef Gonzales – A similar case involving a Filipino-Australian young adult who killed his parents and made it look like a hate crime.
• Suzane von Richthofen – A Brazilian woman who planned the killing of her parents
• Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area
• Vietnamese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area
• Christopher Porco, convicted for the murder of his father, attempted murder of his mother

Other sources

• Grimaldi, Jeremy. A Daughter's Deadly Deception: The Jennifer Pan Story. Dundurn Books, November 12, 2016.
  • ISBN 1459735269, 9781459735262.
  • ISBN 1459735250, 9781459735255.

• Index of articles – Yorkregion.com
• Casefile True Crime Podcast – Case 50: Jennifer Pan – April 15, 2017