Declaration of independence

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A declaration of independence, declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.

List of declarations of independence

StateDeclarationDateAssociationSignatoriesFirst recognizing state(s)
AlbaniaAlbanian Declaration of IndependenceNovember 28, 1912  Ottoman EmpireAssembly of Vlorë  Austria-Hungary
 ArmeniaDeclaration of Independence of ArmeniaMay 28, 1918  Soviet RussiaArmenian National Congress (1917), Armenian Revolutionary Federation  Ottoman Empire
 ArmeniaDeclaration of State Sovereignty of ArmeniaAugust 23, 1990  Soviet UnionLevon Ter-Petrosyan and Supreme Council of Armenia secretary Ara Sahakian  Lithuania
 ArtsakhProclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh RepublicSeptember 2, 1991  Soviet UnionNagorno-Karabakh Regional and Shahumyan District Councils of People's Deputies of the Azerbaijan SSR
 AzawadAzawadi Declaration of IndependenceApril 6, 2012  MaliNational Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
 AzerbaijanDeclaration of Independence of AzerbaijanMay 28, 1918  Soviet RussiaAzerbaijani National Council  Ottoman Empire
 AzerbaijanAct on Restoration of State Independence of AzerbaijanOctober 18, 1991  Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Azerbaijan  Turkey
 BangladeshProclamation of Bangladeshi IndependenceMarch 26, 1971  PakistanConstituent Assembly of Bangladesh  Bhutan
 BelarusThird Constituent CharterMarch 25, 1918  Soviet RussiaRada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 BelarusAnnouncement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of ByelorussiaJuly 31, 1920  PolandCommunist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions  Soviet Russia
 BelarusDeclaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist RepublicJuly 27, 1990  Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the BSSR  Turkey
 BelgiumBelgian Declaration of IndependenceOctober 4, 1830  NetherlandsProvisional Government of Belgium
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian Declaration of IndependenceMarch 1, 1992  Yugoslavia  Bulgaria
BougainvilleBougainville Declaration of IndependenceMay 1990  Papua New GuineaBougainville Interim Government
 BrazilDeclaration of the Independence of BrazilSeptember 7, 1822  PortugalPedro I of Brazil  United States
 BulgariaBulgarian Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 22, 1908  Ottoman EmpireFerdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria  Russia
 BurmaBurmese Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 4, 1948  United Kingdom
 CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian FederationApril 14, 1931 SpainFrancesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
 CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of SpainOctober 6, 1934 SpainLluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
 CataloniaDeclaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan RepublicOctober 27, 2017  Spain
 Central America(present day
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Nicaragua
)
Act of Independence of Central AmericaSeptember 15, 1821 Spain
 ChileChilean Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 12, 1818 SpainNational Congress  Portugal
 ColombiaColombian Declaration of IndependenceJuly 20, 1810 Spain
ComorosComorian Declaration of IndependenceJuly 6, 1975  France  Guinea
 CrimeaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of CrimeaMarch 11, 2014  UkraineSupreme Council of Crimea  Russia
 CroatiaDeclaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of CroatiaJune 25, 1991  Yugoslavia  Iceland
 CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Declaration of IndependenceOctober 18, 1918  Austria-HungaryCzechoslovak National Council  United States
 Dominican RepublicDominican Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 27, 1844 Haiti  United Kingdom
 East TimorEast Timorese declaration of independenceNovember 28, 1975  Portugal  Morocco
 EgyptUnilateral Declaration of Egyptian IndependenceFebruary 28, 1922  United KingdomUnilateral grant of independence by the British government  United Kingdom
 EstoniaEstonian Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 24, 1918  Germany
 Russia
Estonian Salvation Committee  Finland
 FinlandFinnish Declaration of IndependenceDecember 6, 1917  RussiaParliament of Finland  Soviet Russia
 First Mexican Empire
(present day  Mexico)
Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
(real independence)[clarification needed]
September 28, 1821  SpainSupreme Provisional Governmental Board  United Kingdom[2]
FloridaFlorida's Constitution of 1861January 10, 1861  United StatesFlorida State Legislature
GaliciaDeclaration of the Republic of GaliciaJune 27, 1931 Spain
 Georgia, Democratic Republic ofGeorgian Declaration of Independence, 1918May 26, 1918  Soviet RussiaGeorgian National Council  Germany
 Georgia, Republic ofAct of Restoration of State Independence of GeorgiaApril 9, 1991[3]  Soviet UnionSupreme Council of the Republic of Georgia   Switzerland
Georgia, State ofGeorgia's secession declarationJanuary 29, 1861  United States
 GreeceGreek Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 15, 1822  Ottoman EmpireFirst National Assembly  Haiti
 Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 24, 1973  Portugal
 HaitiHaitian Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 1, 1804  FranceJean-Jacques Dessalines France[4]
HungaryHungarian Declaration of IndependenceApril 14, 1849 Habsburgs
 IcelandIcelandic Declaration of IndependenceJune 17, 1944  Denmark  United States
 IndiaDeclaration of the Independence of IndiaJanuary 26, 1930  United Kingdom
 IndonesiaProclamation of Indonesian IndependenceAugust 17, 1945  NetherlandsSukarno & Mohammad Hatta  Kingdom of Egypt[5]
 IraqIraq Declaration of IndependenceOctober 3, 1932  United Kingdom  United Kingdom
 IrelandProclamation of the Irish RepublicApril 24, 1916  United KingdomProvisional Government of the Irish Republic
Irish RepublicIrish Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 21, 1919  United KingdomDáil Éireann  Soviet Russia
 IsraelIsraeli Declaration of IndependenceMay 14, 1948  United KingdomJewish People's Council  United States
KatangaKatangan Declaration of Independence[citation needed]July 11, 1960 Congo-Léopoldville
 KoreaKorean Declaration of IndependenceMarch 1, 1919  JapanProvisional Government of the Republic of Korea  China
 KosovaProclamation of the Republic of KosovaSeptember 22, 1992  FR YugoslaviaAssembly of Kosovo  Albania
 KosovoKosovo declaration of independenceFebruary 17, 2008  Serbia
 UN Administration
"Democratically elected leaders of our people"[a]  Costa Rica
 LatviaLatvian Declaration of IndependenceNovember 18, 1918  Germany
 Soviet Russia
People's Council of Latvia  Soviet Russia
 LatviaOn the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of LatviaMay 4, 1990  Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR  Iceland
 LiberiaLiberian Declaration of IndependenceJuly 16, 1847 American Colonization SocietyLiberian Constitutional Convention  United Kingdom
 LithuaniaAct of Independence of LithuaniaFebruary 16, 1918  Germany
 Soviet Russia
Council of Lithuania  Germany
 LithuaniaAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of LithuaniaMarch 11, 1990  Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Lithuania  Iceland
Lower CanadaDeclaration of Independence of Lower CanadaFebruary 22, 1838  United KingdomRobert Nelson
MacedoniaIndependence of the Republic of MacedoniaSeptember 8, 1991  Yugoslavia  Bulgaria
 Malaya
(present day Malaysia)
Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957August 31, 1957  United KingdomTunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia  United Kingdom[6]
MississippiA Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal UnionJanuary 9, 1861  United States
 MoldovaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of MoldovaAugust 27, 1991  Soviet UnionParliament of the Republic of Moldova  Romania
 MontenegroMontenegro declaration of independenceJune 3, 2006  Serbia and MontenegroAssembly of the Republic of Montenegro  Iceland
 MoroccoMoroccan Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 11, 1944 FranceIstiqlal Party
 NetherlandsAct of AbjurationJuly 26, 1581  SpainUnion of Utrecht
Northern America
(present day)  Mexico
Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern AmericaNovember 6, 1813  SpainCongress of Anáhuac
 Northern CyprusDeclaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern CyprusNovember 15, 1983  Cyprus  Turkey
Northern EpirusNorthern Epirote Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 28, 1914 AlbaniaProvisional Government of Northern Epirus
North SolomonsDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of the North SolomonsSeptember 1, 1975 Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia)Unknown  Vatican City
 Norway
(Kingdom of Norway)
Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after[clarification needed], sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of NorwayMay 17, 1814  Denmark-Norway
(As of Treaty of Kiel)
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
 PadaniaPadanian Declaration of IndependenceSeptember 15, 1996 Italy
 PakistanLahore ResolutionMarch 24, 1940  United KingdomMuslim League (Pakistan)
 PalestinePalestinian Declaration of IndependenceNovember 15, 1988 Palestinian territories

 Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)

Palestinian National Council  Arab League
PeruAct of the Declaration of Independence of PeruJuly 28, 1821  SpainJosé de San Martín  Argentina
PhilippinesPhilippine Declaration of IndependenceJune 12, 1898 Spain

 United States

98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[7] (ratified on September 29, 1898, by the Malolos Congress[8])
Provinces of the Río de la Plata
(present-day
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Uruguay)
Argentine Declaration of IndependenceJuly 9, 1816 SpainCongress of Tucumán  Hawaii
 RhodesiaRhodesian Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceNovember 11, 1965  United KingdomIan Smith and the rest of the Cabinet
 RomaniaRomanian Declaration of IndependenceMay 22, 1877  Ottoman EmpireKing Carol I
 RussiaBelovezha AccordsDecember 12, 1991  Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicBir Lehlou DeclarationFebruary 27, 1976  Spanish SaharaPolisario Front  Madagascar
 ScotlandDeclaration of ArbroathApril 6, 1320  EnglandScottish leaders
SerbiaThe Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније)February 1809  Ottoman EmpireKarađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
 SingaporeProclamation of Singapore[9]August 9, 1965  Malaysia[10][11]Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore  United Kingdom[12]
 CzechoslovakiaMartin DeclarationOctober 30, 1918  Austria-HungarySlovak National Council  France
 SlovakiaSlovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak NationJuly 17, 1992  CzechoslovakiaSlovak National Council
 SloveniaSlovenian Declaration of IndependenceJune 25, 1991  Yugoslavia  Croatia
 SomalilandSomaliland Declaration of IndependenceMay 18, 1991  Somalia
South CarolinaDeclaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal UnionDecember 24, 1860  United StatesSouth Carolinians in Charleston
 Sri LankaDeclaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon")February 4, 1948  United Kingdom
 Texas, Republic ofTexas Declaration of IndependenceMarch 2, 1836 Mexico  France
Texas, State ofA Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal UnionFebruary 1, 1861  United StatesTexas Legislature
 TibetTibet's Declaration of IndependenceFebruary 13, 1913 China13th Dalai Lama  Mongolia
 TurkmenistanAbout Independence and Bases of a State System of TurkmenistanOctober 27, 1991  Soviet Unionnone  Turkey
 UkraineIV UniversalJanuary 22, 1918  Soviet RussiaCentral Council of Ukraine
 UkraineDeclaration of Independence of UkraineAugust 24, 1991  Soviet UnionVerkhovna Rada  Canada
 Poland[13]
 United StatesUnited States Declaration of IndependenceJuly 2, 1776[b]  Great BritainSecond Continental Congress  Morocco[16][17]
United Tribes of New ZealandDeclaration of the Independence of New ZealandOctober 28, 1835Māori chiefs  United Kingdom[18]
 UzbekistanDeclaration of IndependenceAugust 31, 1991  Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Uzbekistan  Turkey
 VenezuelaVenezuelan Declaration of IndependenceJuly 5, 1811  SpainNational Congress
 VermontVermont Declaration of IndependenceJanuary 15, 1777  United States

British Quebec

 VietnamProclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of VietnamSeptember 2, 1945  FranceHồ Chí Minh  China

See also

Explanatory notes

References

External links