Eldred Kurtz Means (March 11, 1878 – February 19, 1957) was an American Methodist Episcopal clergyman, famed public speaker, and author.[1] A white man, he wrote fictional stories about African/African American characters who lived in an area of Louisiana which he named Tickfall. He described the characters in the most grotesque, comical and sensational terms.[1] His magazine stories were compiled into books.[1] He was a constant and prolific contributor to Frank A. Munsey's pulp magazines such as All-Story Weekly, Argosy and its predecessors.[1] His use of black stereotypes, minstrel show motifs, Jim Crow characters, fantastical mimicry and impressionism of Negro dialect[1] made him a popular author with a niche of white audiences;[2][3][4] but the implicit racist message has not aged well.[1][2]
Early life
Means was born in Taylor County, Kentucky, the son of Virginia (née Lively) Means and George Hamilton Means. He married Ella Q. Crebbin in Monroe, Louisiana.[1][5]
Ministry
Means received a Doctor of Divinity, Centenary College of Louisiana.[5]
He had a far flung clerical career, involving more than a dozen posts:
- 1899 Ordained ministry Methodist Episcopal Church, South,
- 1899–1900, Pastor Ghent, Kentucky
- 1901, Erlanger
- 1902, Hodgenville
- 1903–1905, Louisiana Avenue Church, New Orleans
- 1905–1909, Baton Rouge
- 1909–1913, Minden
- 1913–1915, Shreveport
- 1915–1917, Arcadia
- 1917–1921, Monroe
- 1922–1925, Galloway Memorial Church, Jackson, Mississippi[6][7]
- 1925–1929, Court St. Church, Lynchburg, Virginia
- 1929–1933 Main Street Methodist Episcopal Church South, Danville, Virginia
- 1933–1937, Travis Street Church, Sherman, Texas
- 1937–1939, First Church, Helena, Arkansas
- 1939–1944, Central Methodist Church, Rogers, Arkansas[1][5]
Literary work
Over more than a half century, he wrote scores of short stories for pulp fiction magazines. A fairly complete listing of his published stories appears in the following reference.[1] In 1924, Irvin S. Cobb, an American humorist, numbered Means’s “darky stories” among his favorites. In the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, he wrote: "[Means] is at home in Jackson, Miss. ... and pastor of Galloway Memorial Church M.E., South. ... He is a zealous clergyman, a gifted speaker, and a fluent writer, but being, as befits a clergyman, a truthful man also, Mr. Means would lay no claim to great personal beauty."[7]
Means defended his use of dialect, persons and places as being true-to-type with verisimilitude to a passing and important lifestyle and culture. He claimed a love for the people — the musicality and rhythm of their language, and professed a linguist's and an anthropologist's intent to preserve transitory culture and cultural artifacts — which were in imminent danger of extirpation, as the shadow of slavery waned in the distance.[1]
The publisher G.P. Putnam's Sons promoted him as part of its stable of authors highlighting white supremacy over other races.[2][8]
In 1918, an Ebony Film Corporation advertisement teased a coming film based on one of his Tickfall Tales titled Good Luck in Old Clothes.[9] The film was produced[10] and promoted as exemplifying "wholesome real droll Negro humor."[11]
In addition to his short stories, he had several books published.[12] Edward Winsor Kemble — well known for his racist (purportedly accurate and humorous) caricatures[13] — illustrated several of his books.[14][15][16] His books were reviewed in several newspapers.[1]
Reception
Reviews of his works at the time were mixed, with the New York Tribune giving a favorable report.[2] In contrast, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle wrote: “There are, among the better writers of today, three who can write negro stories with humor and understanding, and E.K. Means is not one of them”.[17] Several of his books, having gone out of copyright, have been reproduced by various republishers.
Means touted 'lack of titles' on three of his books was not universally welcomed. A New York Times reviewer castigated the third in the series: "The crass lack of good taste, and worse than crass conceit shown by the title of this volume, are not-redeemed by any remarkable quality in its content."[18]
His story "At the End of the Rope" contains the earliest known usage of the saying: If it wasn't for bad luck I wouldn't have any luck at all.[19][20][21]
He was one of the earliest recognized users of the word "doodlebug".[22]
Works (in chronological order)
- Means, Eldred Kurtz (November 17, 2011) [1918]. Negro Stories (Paperback). Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-272-00944-1.
- Means, E.K.; Kemble, Edward Winsor, Illustrator. (1918) E. K. Means: Is This a Title? It Is Not. It Is the Name of a Writer of Negro Stories, Who Has Made Himself So Completely the Writer of Negro Stories That His Book Needs No Title New York, London: The Knickerbocker Press, G. P. Putnam's Sons[23][24][25]
- Means, E.K.; Kemble, Edward Winsor, Illustrator. (1919) More E. K. Means: Is This a Title? It Is Not. It Is the Name of a Writer of Negro Stories, Who Has Made Himself So Completely the Writer of Negro Stories That His Second Book Needs No Title New York, London: The Knickerbocker Press, G. P. Putnam's Sons[26]
- Means, E.K.; Kemble, Edward Winsor, Illustrator. (1920) Is This a Title? It Is Not. It Is the Name of a Writer of Negro Stories, Who Has Made Himself So Completely the Writer of Negro Stories That This Third Book, Like the First and Second, Needs No Title New York, London: The Knickerbocker Press, G. P. Putnam's Sons[27]
- Abdullah, Achmed; Brand, Max; Means, E.K.; Sheehan, Perley Poore (1920). The Ten Foot Chain: Can Love Survive the Shackles? — A Unique Symposium. New York: Reynolds Publishing Company.[28][29]
- “At the End of the Rope” by E. K. Means, Munsey's Magazine, New York (1927)
- Means, E.K. (1931). Black Fortune. New York: Brentano's.[30]
- Means, Eldred Kurtz (1957). Sunset Gun: The Public Addresses of Eldred K. Means. United States: Comet Press Books.[31]
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
- Abdullah, Achmed; Brand, Max; Means, E.K.; Sheehan, Perley Poore (1920). The Ten Foot Chain: Can Love Survive the Shackles? — A Unique Symposium. New York: Reynolds Publishing Company.
- Drew, Bernard A. (April 14, 2015). Black Stereotypes in Popular Series Fiction, 1851–1955: Jim Crow Era Authors and Their Characters. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. pp. 88–96. ISBN 978-0-7864-7410-3 – via Google Books.
While many of his black characters can read, their language – and it may have basis as dialect – keeps them apart from the whites.
- John William Leonard, Albert Nelson Marquis, ed. (1920). Eldred Kurtz Means. Vol. 11. Marquis Who's Who. p. 1939.
- Means, E.K.; Kemble, Edward Winsor, Illustrator. "Eldred Kurtz Means: Is This a Title? It Is Not. It Is the Name of a Writer of Negro Stories, Who Has Made Himself So Completely the Writer of Negro Stories That His Book Needs No Title". Docsbiz.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Means, E.K.; Kemble, Edward Winsor, Illustrator (March 24, 2019) [1918]. E. K. Means: Is This a Title? It Is Not. It Is the Name of a Writer of Negro Stories, Who Has Made Himself So Completely the Writer of Negro Stories That His Book Needs No Title (EBook). New York, London: The Knickerbocker Press G. P. Putnam's Sons – via The Project Gutenberg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Means, E.K.; Kemble, Edward Winsor, Illustrator (1919). More E. K. Means: Is This a Title? It Is Not. It Is the Name of a Writer of Negro Stories, Who Has Made Himself So Completely the Writer of Negro Stories That His Second Book Needs No Title. New York, London: The Knickerbocker Press G. P. Putnam's Sons.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Means, E.K.; Kemble, Edward Winsor, Illustrator (1920). Is This a Title? It Is Not. It Is the Name of a Writer of Negro Stories, Who Has Made Himself So Completely the Writer of Negro Stories That This Third Book, Like the First and Second, Needs No Title (ebook). New York, London: The Knickerbocker Press, G. P. Putnam's Sons – via Project Gutenberg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Means, Eldred Kurtz (November 17, 2011) [1918]. Negro Stories (Paperback). Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-272-00944-1.
- Means, Eldred Kurtz (1957). Sunset Gun: The Public Addresses of Eldred K. Means. United States: Comet Press Books.
- Means, E.K. (1930). Black Fortune. New York: Brentano's.
- North, Michael (1998). The Dialect of Modernism: Race, Language and Twentieth-Century Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22, 204, 239, 244. ISBN 978-0-19-512291-6.
Further reading
- Jarrett, Gene Andrew (2013). Deans and Truants: Race and Realism in African American Literature. United States: University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8122-0235-9.
External links
- "Eldred Kurtz Means - "Plumb Nauseated" Chapter 3 of The Ten Foot Chain or Can Love Survive the Shackles" (Audio). September 29, 2019 – via YouTube. at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Eldred Kurtz Means at IMDb.
- Means, E.K. at Project Gutenberg.