Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages

Esmeralda–Yaruro or Takame–Jarúroan, is a proposed connection between two unclassified languages of Venezuela and Ecuador: Yaruro (Llaruro, Pumé, Yuapín), 6000 speakers, and the extinct Esmeralda (Esmeraldeño, Takame). They would be only distantly related, but Kaufman (1990) finds the connection convincing, and Campbell (2012) believes the connection is promising.[1]

Esmeralda–Yaruro
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution
Venezuela
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

Vocabulary

Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Esmeralda and Yaruro.

glossEsmeralda[2]Yaruro[3]
hairrarapokü̃́
eyemuladachó
nosera-ausa (my)ĩbupuȩ́
toothra-ha, ra-kajõdȩ́
mouthbassadyá
handdisa (my)ichí
foottaha
bloodkar(k)agué
bonemu-kilsa
personilono̧ãĩ́
namechintokẽ́
dogkine(a)oré
fishkichṍ
treetá(k)te
leaframpide (?)to pjü̃dá
wateruivi, úvoi
firemuka (with)kjõdȩ́
earthdó; duladabú
roaddirenṍ
eatenimajurá
dieubale, ybale (dead)jãbó

References

  • Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In Doris L. Payne (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press.