This is a list of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC (4000–2001 BC).
Africa: Northeast
Type | Name | Title | Royal house | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Hsekiu | Pharaoh | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Khayu | Pharaoh | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Tiu | Pharaoh | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Thesh | Pharaoh | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neheb | Pharaoh | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Wazner | Pharaoh | — | Around 3100 BC? | ||
Sovereign | Mekh | Pharaoh | — | ? | ? |
Type | Name | Title | Royal House | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Scorpion I | Pharaoh | — | Around 3200 BC? | ||
Sovereign | Iry-Hor | Pharaoh | — | Around 3150 BC? | ||
Sovereign | Ka | Pharaoh | — | Around 3150 BC? | ||
Sovereign | Scorpion | Pharaoh | — | Around 3150 BC? | ||
Sovereign | Narmer | Pharaoh | — | Around 3150 BC? |
Type | Name | Title | Royal house | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Narmer | Pharaoh | First dynasty | 3150 BC? | 3125 BC? | [1] |
Sovereign | Hor-Aha | Pharaoh | First dynasty | Around 3050 BC? | ||
Sovereign | Djer | Pharaoh | First dynasty | 41–54 years | ||
Sovereign | Djet | Pharaoh | First dynasty | 10–23 years | ||
Sovereign | Merneith | Regent | First dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Den | Pharaoh | First dynasty | 14–42 years | ||
Sovereign | Anedjib | Pharaoh | First dynasty | 8–10 years | ||
Sovereign | Semerkhet | Pharaoh | First dynasty | 8.5–9 years | ||
Sovereign | Qa'a | Pharaoh | First dynasty | 2916 BC? | 2890 BC? | [2] |
Sovereign | Hotepsekhemwy | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | 2890 BC? | 2853 BC? | [2] |
Sovereign | Raneb | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | 10–39 years | ||
Sovereign | Nynetjer | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | 40–45 years | ||
Sovereign | Weneg | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | 8 years | ||
Sovereign | Senedj | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | 20 years | ||
Sovereign | Seth-Peribsen | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | 17 years | ||
Sovereign | Sekhemib-Perenmaat | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Khasekhemwy | Pharaoh | Second dynasty | 17–18 years | 2686 BC? | |
Sovereign | Sanakht | Pharaoh | Third dynasty | 2686 BC | 2668 BC | |
Sovereign | Djoser | Pharaoh | Third dynasty | 2668 BC | 2649 BC | [3][4] |
Sovereign | Sekhemkhet | Pharaoh | Third dynasty | 2649 BC | 2643 BC | [5] |
Sovereign | Khaba | Pharaoh | Third dynasty | 2643 BC | 2637 BC | |
Sovereign | Huni | Pharaoh | Third dynasty | 2637 BC | 2613 BC | [6] |
Sovereign | Sneferu | Pharaoh | Fourth dynasty | 2613 BC | 2589 BC | |
Sovereign | Khufu | Pharaoh | Fourth dynasty | 2589 BC | 2566 BC | |
Sovereign | Djedefre | Pharaoh | Fourth dynasty | 2566 BC | 2558 BC | |
Sovereign | Khafre | Pharaoh | Fourth dynasty | 2558 BC | 2532 BC | |
Sovereign | Menkaure | Pharaoh | Fourth dynasty | 2532 BC | 2503 BC | |
Sovereign | Shepseskaf | Pharaoh | Fourth dynasty | 2503 BC | 2498 BC | |
Sovereign | Userkaf | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2498 BC or 2494 BC | 2491 BC or 2487 BC | |
Sovereign | Sahure | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2490 BC or 2487 BC | 2477 BC or 2475 BC | |
Sovereign | Neferirkare Kakai | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2477 BC or 2475 BC | 2467 BC or 2455 BC | |
Sovereign | Neferefre | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2460 BC | 2458 BC or 2425 BC | |
Sovereign | Shepseskare | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2467 BC or 2455 BC | 2460 BC or 2448 BC | |
Sovereign | Nyuserre Ini | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2445 BC or 2425 BC | 2422 BC or 2421 BC | |
Sovereign | Menkauhor Kaiu | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2422 BC or 2421 BC | 2414 BC | |
Sovereign | Djedkare Isesi | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2414 BC | 2375 BC | |
Sovereign | Unas | Pharaoh | Fifth dynasty | 2375 BC | 2375 BC | |
Sovereign | Teti | Pharaoh | Sixth dynasty | 2345 BC | 2333 BC | |
Sovereign | Userkare | Pharaoh | Sixth dynasty | 2333 BC | 2332 BC | |
Sovereign | Pepi I Meryre | Pharaoh | Sixth dynasty | 2332 BC | 2283 BC | |
Sovereign | Merenre Nemtyemsaf I | Pharaoh | Sixth dynasty | 2283 BC | 2278 BC | |
Sovereign | Pepi II Neferkare | Pharaoh | Sixth dynasty | 2278 BC | 2184 BC | |
Sovereign | Merenre Nemtyemsaf II | Pharaoh | Sixth dynasty | 2184 BC | [7] | |
Sovereign | Neitiqerty Siptah | Pharaoh | Sixth dynasty | 2184 BC | 2181 BC |
Type | Name | Title | Royal house | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Menkare | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkare II | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkare Neby | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Djedkare Shemai | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkare Khendu | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Merenhor | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkamin | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Nikare | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkare Tereru | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkahor | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkare Pepiseneb | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkamin Anu | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Qakare Ibi | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | 2169 BC | 2167 BC | |
Sovereign | Neferkaure II | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | 2167 BC | 2163 BC | |
Sovereign | Neferkauhor | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | 2163 BC | 2161 BC | |
Sovereign | Neferirkare | Pharaoh | Eighth dynasty | 2161 BC | 2160 BC | |
Sovereign | Neferkare III | Pharaoh | Ninth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Senenh/Setut | Pharaoh | Ninth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Mer[ibre Khety] | Pharaoh | Ninth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Shed— | Pharaoh | Ninth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | H— | Pharaoh | Ninth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Meryhathor | Pharaoh | Tenth dynasty | 2130 BC | ? | |
Sovereign | Neferkare IV | Pharaoh | Tenth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Wahkare Khety I | Pharaoh | Tenth dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Merikare | Pharaoh | Tenth dynasty | ? | 2040 BC | |
Sovereign | Mentuhotep I | Pharaoh | Eleventh dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Intef I | Pharaoh | Eleventh dynasty | 2134 BC | 2118 BC or 2117 BC | |
Sovereign | Intef II | Pharaoh | Eleventh dynasty | 2117 BC or 2112 BC | 2069 BC or 2063 BC | |
Sovereign | Intef III | Pharaoh | Eleventh dynasty | 2069 BC | 2061 BC or 2060 BC | |
Sovereign | Mentuhotep II | Pharaoh | Eleventh dynasty | 2061 BC or 2060 BC | 2040 BC |
- Mentuhotep I, King (c.2135 BC)
- Intef I, King (c.2120 BC or c.2070 BC)
- Intef II, King (2112–2063 BC)
- Intef III, King (2069–2061 BC, 2063–2055 BC, or 2016–2009 BC)
- Mentuhotep II, King (c.2061–2010 BC)
- Mentuhotep III, King (2010 BC – 1998 BC)
Asia: West
- Kings who Lived in Tents
Type | Name | Title | Royal house | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Tudiya | King | — | 23rd century BC? | ||
Sovereign | Adamu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Yangi | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Suhlamu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Harharu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Mandaru | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Imsu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Harsu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Didanu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Hanu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Zuabu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Nuabu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Abazu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Belu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Azara | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Ushpia | King | — | Around 2030 BC? | ||
Sovereign | Apiashal | King | — | ? | ? |
- Kings whose Fathers Are Known
Type | Name | Title | Royal house | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Apiashal | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Hale | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Samani | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Hayani | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Ilu-Mer | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Yakmesi | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Yakmeni | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Yazkur-el | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Ila-kabkabu | King | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Aminu | King | — | ? | ? |
- Kings whose Eponyms Are not Known
Type | Name | Title | Royal house | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Sulili | King | — | 21st century BC? | ||
Sovereign | Kikkiya | King | — | 21st century BC? | ||
Sovereign | Akiya | King | — | 21st century BC or early 20th century BC? |
Type | Name | Title | Royal house | From | To | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign | Humbaba | ? | — | Around 2700 BC | Around 2680 BC | |
Sovereign | Humban-Shutur | ? | — | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | The unnamed king of Awan | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | Around 2580 BC | ? | |
Sovereign | ...Lu | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Kur-Ishshak | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | Around 2550 BC | |
Sovereign | Peli | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | Around 2500 BC | ? | |
Sovereign | Tata I | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Ukku-Tanhish | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Hishutash | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Shushun-Tarana | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Napi-Ilhush | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Kikku-Siwe-Temti | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Hishep-Ratep I | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Luh-Ishshan | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | Around 2325 BC | |
Sovereign | Hishep-Ratep II | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | Around 2325 BC | ? | |
Sovereign | Emahsini | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | Around 2315 BC | 2311 BC | |
Sovereign | Helu | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Hita | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | Around 2270 BC | ||
Sovereign | Kutik-Inshushinak | King of Awan | Awan dynasty | Around 2100 BC | ||
Sovereign | The unnamed king of Simashki | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | ? | Around 2100 BC | |
Sovereign | Gir-Namme I | King of Smiashki | Simashki dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Tazitta I | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | Around 2040 BC | Around 2037 BC | |
Sovereign | Eparti I | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | ? | Around 2033 BC | |
Sovereign | Gir-Namme II | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | Around 2033 BC | ? | |
Sovereign | Tazitta II | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Lurak-Luhhan | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | Around 2028 BC | 2022 BC | |
Sovereign | Hutran-Temti | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | ? | ? | |
Sovereign | Indattu-Inshushinak I | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | ? | 2016 BC | |
Sovereign | Kindattu | King of Simashki | Simashki dynasty | Before 2006 BC | After 2005 BC |
References
Footnotes
Literature
- Clayton, Peter A. (1995). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The Chronicles Series (Reprinted ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
- Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
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