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List of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century

This is a list of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 4 or higher, and smaller eruptions that resulted in fatalities, significant damage or disruptions.

Satellite images of the January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

As of 17 May 2024, the largest volcanic eruption of the 21st century is the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami, and the deadliest are the 2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption and the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami.


Large eruptions (VEI of 4 or higher, or plume height of at least 15 km)

VEIVolcanoCountryYearMax plume height (km)Material volume (km3)FatalitiesNotes
?Mount Ruang[1]Indonesia202423[2]
4?Shiveluch[3]Russia202320An eruption on April 11 ejected a cloud of volcanic gas and ash that reached a height of 20 km (12 mi) and spread over an area of 108,000 km2 (42,000 sq mi).[4] Pyroclastic flows from the eruption traveled up to 19 km (12 mi) away from the volcano.[5]
3Bezymianny[6]Russia202215An eruption on May 28 sent ash to an altitude of 15 km, causing some disruptions to flights in the North Pacific, including an American Airlines flight from Dallas to Tokyo that diverted back to Los Angeles midway across the Pacific, landing after approximately 12 hours in the air.[citation needed]
5Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai[7]Tonga2022586–10[8][9][10]6The explosive submarine eruption began on December 20, 2021, with the largest explosion occurring on January 15, 2022. Satellite measurements recorded an eruption column of at least 30,000 m (98,000 ft) into the atmosphere.[11] The explosion was hundreds times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima,[12] and was heard as far as Fairbanks, Alaska, nearly 10,000 km away. Fluctuations in air pressure were recorded all over the world as the pressure wave fully circled the world several times. Two people were killed in Peru by a 2-metre tsunami wave. A British woman was found to have been killed by the tsunami in Tonga.[13]
4Mount Semeru[14]Indonesia20211257An eruption began on December 4, and ejected a cloud of volcanic ash 12,000 m (40,000 ft) into the air, killing at least 57 people and injuring more than 100 others.
4Fukutoku-Okanoba[15]Japan202116Submarine volcano approximately 1,300 km south of Tokyo. In October, a large amount of pumice was seen to have been released in this eruption, and washed ashore on Okinawa and Amami Islands.[16][17][18]
4La Soufrière[19]Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2021160.32021 eruption of La Soufrière
4Taal[20]Philippines20201539A phreatomagmatic eruption from the main crater spewed ashes to Calabarzon, Metro Manila, Central Luzon and Pangasinan. 39 people were killed.[21]
4Ulawun[22]Papua New Guinea201919.2On 26 June Ulawun erupted, sending an ash plume to at least 19,000 m (63,000 ft).[23] Other large eruptions occurred on 2 August, also sending ash to 19,000 m (63,000 ft).[24]
4Raikoke[25]Russia201917First eruption since 1924. At approximately 4 am, 22 June it erupted, with a plume of ash and gas reaching between 13,000 m (43,000 ft) and 17,000 m (56,000 ft), passing the tropopause and allowing stratospheric injection of ash and sulfur dioxide.[26]
3Volcán de FuegoGuatemala201815190–2,900At least 190 people were killed in the volcano's most powerful eruption since 1974. Ash forced the closure of La Aurora International Airport in Guatemala City.[27][28]
4Volcán Wolf[29]Ecuador201515
4Calbuco[30]Chile2015210.3–0.6[31]First eruption since 1972. At least 4,000 people evacuated. No casualties reported.[32]
4Manam[33]Papua New Guinea2014-ongoing19.8
3Sangeang Api[34]Indonesia201415.2Ash drifted SE, grounding flights between south-east Asia and Darwin, Australia.[35]
4Kelud[36]Indonesia2014260.2–0.3[37]7Ash was ejected to an altitude exceeding 26 km. 7 people were killed and at least 100,000 people were evacuated. At least one commercial aircraft flew into the plume, later landing safely but incurring costly engine damage.[38]
4Mount Sinabung[39]Indonesia2013-201916.823Mount Sinabung's eruptions caused many pyroclastic flows, one resulting in the loss of 16 lives.[40] An eruption on May 22, 2016, resulted in the loss of 7 lives.[41]
4Nabro[42]Eritrea2011180.47[43]31[44]2011 Nabro eruption
5Cordón Caulle[45]Chile2011-2012140.75–1.3[46]The 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption began on June 4, 2011, causing major flight disruptions across the southern hemisphere, including South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
4Grímsvötn[47]Iceland2011200.7[48]2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
4Mount Merapi[49]Indonesia201018.33532010 eruptions of Mount Merapi
4Eyjafjallajökull[50]Iceland201090.25[51]A series of eruptions between March and June caused the worst flight disruption over Europe since the Second World War.[52] Over an eight-day period, an estimated 107,000 flights, representing 48% of total air traffic and 10 million passengers, were canceled.[53] According to the IATA, The total loss to the airline industry was around $1.7 billion.[54]
4Sarychev Peak[55]Russia2009210.4[56]
3Mount Redoubt[57]Alaska, United States2009202009 Mount Redoubt eruptive activity
4Kasatochi[58]Alaska, United States200813.70.15–0.28[59]
4Chaitén[60]Chile2008300.5–1[61]1[62]The town of Chaitén, located about 10 km southwest of the eruption site, was blanketed with ash. About 4,000 people who lived there were evacuated by boat. One elderly person died during the evacuation efforts. On May 6, the eruption became more forceful and generated a wider and darker gray ash plume to an estimated altitude of 30,000 m (98,400 ft) into the stratosphere. All remaining people in Chaitén were ordered to evacuate, as well as anyone within 50 km of the volcano.
4Mount Okmok[63]Alaska, United States2008200.26[64]
4Mount Tavurvur[65]Papua New Guinea2006-201018
4Manam[33]Papua New Guinea200424
4Volcán el Reventador[66]Ecuador2002170.37[67]
4Mount Ruang[1]Indonesia200216

Smaller explosive eruptions resulting in fatalities or significant damage

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
?Mount MarapiIndonesia202323[68]2023 eruption of Mount Marapi
2Popocatépetl[69]Mexico20221One woman was killed and 2 other climbers were injured after being hit by hot volcanic rock during an ascent to the crater on June 22.[70]
2Whakaari / White Island[71]New Zealand201922On 9 December a phreatic eruption launched rock and ash into the air, killing 22 of the 47 people on the island, including two who are missing and declared dead. A further twenty-five people suffered injuries, including severe burns.
2Mount Stromboli[72]Italy20191A hiker was killed and several others were injured after the volcano's strongest eruption since 2002. The Italian Navy was deployed and evacuated dozens of the island's residents.[73]
3Krakatoa[74]Indonesia2018426A major eruption triggered a tsunami that killed at least 420 people and injured 14,000 others.[75][76] As a result of the landslide, the height of the volcano was reduced from 338 meters to 110 meters.[77]
3Ambae[78]Vanuatu2018During a series of eruptions, volcanic ash blackened the sky, buried crops and destroyed homes. Over the course of the year, the island's 11,000 population was forced to evacuate several times.[79]
3Mount Agung[80]Indonesia2017-2019Eruptions from 2017 - 2019 caused thousands to be evacuated, disrupted flights and a decline in tourism to Bali.
1Dieng Volcanic Complex[81]Indonesia20178On July 2 a rescue helicopter crashed, killing all 4 crewmen and 4 rescuers on board. 11 tourists near the crater were injured.[82]
2Mount Etna[83]Italy2017An eruption on 16 March injured 10 people, including a BBC News television crew, after magma exploded upon contact with snow.[84][85]
3Mount Ontake[86]Japan201463A phreatic eruption and pyroclastic flow occurred without warning, killing 63 people. Deadliest eruption in Japan since 1902, first volcano-related deaths in Japan since 1991.
2Gamalama[87]Indonesia20114[88]
3Pacaya[89]Guatemala20103[90]On May 27, at approximately 20:00 hours there was a strong eruption ejecting debris and ash columns up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) followed by several tremors. Ash rained down in many cities to the northwest of the volcano, including Guatemala City.[91] The volcanic ash fall pelted the capital and La Aurora International Airport. The National Coordinator for Disaster Reduction (CONRED) declared a red alert for the communities near the volcano and recommended the evacuation of some of them. Noti7 reporter Anibal Archila, one of the first to cover the event, was reportedly killed by volcanic debris.[92]
3Jabal al-Tair[93]Yemen20077An eruption on the Red Sea island killed at least 7 soldiers and spewed lava and ash hundreds of metres into the air.[94]
1Raoul Island[95]Kermadec Islands, New Zealand20061An eruption on 17 March killed conservation worker Mark Kearney, who was measuring the water temperature of Green Lake.[96]
3Santa Ana[97]El Salvador20052Two farmers were killed when chunks of earth and boiling water flowed down the slopes of the volcano.[98]
2Mount Bromo[99]Indonesia20042An eruption on June 8 killed two people who had been hit by rocks from the explosion.[100]

Effusive eruptions

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
0Sundhnúkur[101]Iceland2023-20242023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
0Mauna Loa[102]Hawaii, United States20222022 eruption of Mauna Loa
3Cumbre Vieja[103]Canary Islands, Spain20211Strombolian fissure eruption resulting in one person dead, over one billion dollars in damage and the destruction of over 2,500 buildings.
1Mount Nyiragongo[104]Democratic Republic of the Congo202132Effusive eruption resulting in the destruction of 1,000 homes.
3Kilauea[105]Hawaii, United States2018Most destructive volcanic event in the United States since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Lava flows forced the evacuation of populated areas, destroyed over 700 homes, roads and utilities, causing at least $800 million (2018 USD) of property damage.
3Pico do Fogo[106]Cape Verde2014-20152014–15 Fogo eruption
0Holuhraun[107]Iceland2014-20152014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga
1Havre Seamount[108]Kermadec Islands, New Zealand20122012 Kermadec Islands eruption
2Tagoro[109]Canary Islands, Spain2011-20122011–12 El Hierro eruption
1Mount Nyiragongo[104]Democratic Republic of the Congo2002245Large effusive eruption. At least 15% of Goma comprising 4,500 buildings was destroyed, leaving about 120,000 people homeless.

See also

References

External links

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