Nazi dental gold

The collection of gold dental fillings, dental caps and dentures extracted from the mouths of the victims of Aktion T4 and the Nazi concentration camps was a feature of the Holocaust. The practice originated with a 1940 order from Heinrich Himmler, and reinforced by a second order in 1942.[1] The collection was done with the active and voluntary cooperation of German dentists.[2] Dentists involved in the collection of gold included Martin Hellinger.[3]

Boxes of gold dental caps and dentures from prisoners of the Buchenwald concentration camp, recovered by American troops after the liberation of the camp

Collected gold was then melted down into gold bars. The disposition of the gold was an issue following the end of the war.[4]

Trials and prosecution

With studies of the complicity of the medical profession in the crimes of the Third Reich on the rise, there is a question raised of the extent of justice brought down upon the doctors during the international trials after World War II. The trials led to 48 dentists standing trial. The archetypical accused dentist was male, lived in a traditional family, was a part of the National Socialist Workers' Party (NSDAP) and the Waffen-SS (Schutzstaffel), and belonged to the Kriegsjugendgeneration.[5]

Results of trials

47 male dentists and one female dentist were identified in one of the studies. 27 of the accused dentists were born from 1900–1910, meaning that they belonged to the Kriegsjugendgeneration. Fifteen were born before 1900 and six were born after 1910. Kriegsjugendgeneration members were influenced by National Socialism at a young age and this generation was the most important generation for the National Socialists for recruitment.[5]

Many of these dentists served in concentration camps and their administrative offices. Of the 48 identified dentists, 22 were stationed in at least one concentration camp. Of these 22, 19 were members of the Waffen-SS.[5]

Overview of Dentists' Jurisdictions and Sentences
SurnameFirst NameJurisdictionSentence
AhlersHansSupreme Court British ZoneCustodial Sentence 5 Months
AlfkenGottlob Adolph HermannFrench CourtForced Labor 5 Years
aus dem BruchKurt OttoBritish CourtAcquittal
BelgerEduardGerman CourtTermination of the Proceedings
BergeestWilly August HeinrichSupreme Court British ZoneTermination of the Proceedings
Brandt(Rud)OlfAmerican CourtCustodial Sentence 3 Years
BremmerWalter Konrad ChristianGerman CourtTermination of the Proceedings
DeneckePaulSupreme Court British Zoneunknown
DeutschleKarlFrench CourtCustodial Sentence Length of pre-trial detention
ErckmannHermannGerman CourtCustodial Sentence 6 Months
FrankWillyGerman CourtCustodial Sentence 7 Years
GeilerFritzSoviet Military CourtDeath Sentence
GrafGeorgFrench CourtCustodial Sentence 4 Years
HellingerMartinBritish CourtCustodial Sentence 15 Years
HellmuthKarlAmerican CourtCustodial Sentence 3 Years
HellmuthOttoAmerican CourtDeath Sentence
HenkelWilhelmAmerican CourtDeath Sentence
HoehneRudolf MaxAmerican CourtCustodial Sentence 5 Years
HoffmannWernerFrench CourtAcquittal
HöhlerWalterAmerican CourtDeath Sentence
JohstElisabethSoviet Military CourtDeath Sentence
JudmannFranzVienna People's CourtTermination of the Proceedings
KörberPaulFrench CourtCustodial Sentence 10 Years
KorweslührHerbertSupreme Court British ZoneCustodial Sentence 9 Months
KunzHelmutSoviet Military Court

German Court

Forced Labour 25 Years

Termination of the Proceedings

LorenzFritzSoviet Military CourtDeath Sentence
MüllerHeinrich TheodorGerman CourtCustodial Sentence 1 Year
OetkenFriedrichSupreme Court British ZoneCustodial Sentence 3 Months
PookHermannAmerican CourtCustodial Sentence 10 Years
PoupetFerdinand BenjaminFrench CourtDeath Sentence
PrechtElimarFrench CourtDeath Sentence
ReichmannFrantzFrench CourtForced Labor 15 Years
RohdeWernerBritish CourtsDeath Sentence
RostWillyFrench CourtDeath Sentence
SchäferKurtFrench CourtDeath Sentence
SchatzWIlliGerman CourtAcquittal
SchönigErichBritish CourtCustodial Sentence 5 Years
SchulteJosefSupreme Court British ZoneFine 500 DM
SimonJosefPolish CourtCustodial Sentence 14 Months
SonntagWalterBritish CourtDeath Sentence
TeuberKarl-HeinzPolish CourtCustodial Sentence 4 Years
VogelsangKarlGerman CourtCustodial Sentence 5 Months
WeckFranz ChristianGerman CourtCustodial Sentence 5,5 Years
WeinmannErnstMilitary Court BelgradeDeath Sentence
WenzelHermannFrench CourtDeath Sentence
WerlingHeinrichGerman CourtAcquittal
ZeinerKarl Friedrich JakobPolish CourtCustodial Sentence 6 Years
ZerbesOtmar MartinAmerican CourtCustodial Sentence 18 Months

See also

References