Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function.[1] There are various forms,[2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.
Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with some medications predominantly excreted by the kidneys needing their dose adjusted for the decreased kidney function (e.g., heparin, lithium).
Types of toxicity
Cardiovascular
- General: diuretics, β-blockers, vasodilator agents
- Local: ACE inhibitors, ciclosporin,[3] tacrolimus.[3]
Direct tubular effect
- Proximal convoluted tubule: Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin), amphotericin B, cisplatin, radiocontrast media, immunoglobulins, mannitol
- Distal tubule: NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac), ACE inhibitors, ciclosporin, lithium salts, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B
- Tubular obstruction: sulphonamides, methotrexate, aciclovir, diethylene glycol, triamterene.
Acute interstitial nephritis
Main article : Acute interstitial nephritis
- β-lactam antibiotics, vancomycin, rifampicin, sulphonamides, ciprofloxacin, NSAIDs, ranitidine, cimetidine, furosemide, thiazides, phenytoin.
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis
Drug-induced glomerular disease is not common but there are a few drugs that have been implicated. Glomerular lesions occur primarily through immune-mediated pathways rather than through direct drug toxicity.
- Heroin and Pamidronate are known to cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- Gold salts therapy can cause membranous nephropathy[4]
- Penicillamine
Causes of diabetes insipidus
- Lithium salts
- Amphotericin B—reversible at low doses, irreversible at high doses
- Fluoride
- Demeclocycline
- Foscarnet
Other nephrotoxins
- Lead, Uranium, mercury, and cadmium salts[1]
- Aristolochic acid, found in some plants and in some herbal supplements derived from those plants, has been shown to have nephrotoxic effects on humans.
- Rhubarb contains some nephrotoxins which can cause inflammation of the kidneys in some people.
- Fumaric acid, aka food additive E297
- Orellanine
Diagnosis
Nephrotoxicity is usually monitored through a simple blood test. A decreased creatinine clearance indicates poor kidney function. In interventional radiology, a patient's creatinine clearance levels are all checked prior to a procedure.[citation needed]
Serum creatinine is another measure of kidney function, which may be more useful clinically when dealing with patients with early kidney disease. Normal creatinine level is between 80 - 120 μmol/L.[citation needed]
Etymology
The word nephrotoxicity (/ˌnɛfroʊtɒkˈsɪsɪti/) uses combining forms of nephro- + tox- + -icity, yielding "kidney poisoning".[citation needed]
See also
References
Further reading
- Choudhury, Devasmita; Ahmed, Ziauddin (2006). "Drug-associated renal dysfunction and injury". Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology. 2 (2): 80–91. doi:10.1038/ncpneph0076. PMID 16932399. S2CID 42733127.
- Szeto, CC; Chow, KM (2005). "Nephrotoxicity related to new therapeutic compounds". Renal Failure. 27 (3): 329–33. doi:10.1081/jdi-56595. PMID 15957551. S2CID 6111262.