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Orders of magnitude (speed)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2×10−18 m/s and 3.0×108 m/s (the speed of light). Values in bold are exact.

List of orders of magnitude for speed

Factor (m/s)Value (m/s)Value (km/h)Value (mph)Value (c)Item
10−182.2×10−187.8×10−184.9×10−187.3×10−27Expansion rate between 2 points in free space 1 m apart under Hubble's law. [1]
10−141.4×10−145.0×10−143.1×10−144.7×10−23Cave of the Crystals gypsum crystals' growth rate, the slowest directly measured normal growth rate for any crystal growth process.[2]
3.169×10−141.141×10−137.089×10−141.057×10−221 Bubnoff unit (1 μm/yr)
10−131×10−133×10−132×10−133×10−22Rate of erosion of bedrock.[3]
10−124.12×10−121.48×10−119.21×10−121.37×10−20Average growth rate of a limestone stalactite.
10−119.8×10−113.5×10−102.2×10−103.2×10−19Rate of global sea level rise in 1993–2003 (3.1 mm/yr).[4]
10−103×10−10 to 3×10−91×10−9 to 1×10−87×10−10 to 7×10−91×10−18 to 1×10−17Typical relative speed of continental drift.
10−91.3×10−94.7×10−92.9×10−94.3×10−18Average rate of the Moon receding from the Earth (approx. 38 mm/yr).[citation needed]
4.8×10−91.7×10−81.1×10−81.6×10−17Human hair growth (average rate—note that there is a great range of variation).
10−73×10−7 to 1.11×10−51.08×10−6 to 4×10−56.7×10−7 to 2.5×10−51×10−15 to 3.7×10−14Calculated speed of an amoeba.[5]
10−61.52×10−65.4×10−63.4×10−65.1×10−15Speed of a cellular vesicle propelled by a motor protein.[6]
10−51.02×10−53.67×10−52.28×10−53.40×10−14Speed of the tip of a 7 cm (2.8 in)-long hour hand on a clock.[7]
1.4×10−55.0×10−53.1×10−54.6×10−14Growth rate of bamboo, the fastest-growing woody plant, over 24 hours.[8]
10−44.0×10−41.4×10−38.9×10−41.3×10−12Speed of Jakobshavn Isbræ, one of the fastest glaciers, in 2003.[9]
6×10−42.2×10−31.3×10−32×10−12Typical speed of Thiovulum majus, the fastest-swimming bacterium.[10]
10−30.001780.006410.003985.94×10−12The speed of a particle orbiting a ball of lead of radius 1 m near its surface under its gravity (that is, the first cosmic speed for this ball).
0.002750.009900.006159.17×10−12World record speed of the fastest snail in the Congham, UK.[11]
10−20.04760.1710.1061.58×10−10Compact cassette tape speed.[12]
0.0800.290.182.6×10−10The top speed of a sloth.
10−10.277810.62149.2657×10−101 km/h.
0.447041.60934411.4912×10−91 mph.
0.51441.8521.1511.716×10−91 knot (nautical mile per hour)
1001.24.322.684×10−9Typical scanning speed of an audio compact disc; the speed of signals (action potentials) traveling along axons in the human cortex.
1–1.53.6–5.42.2–3.43.3–5.0×10−9Average walking speed—below a speed of about 2 m/s, it is more efficient to walk than to run, but above that speed, it is more efficient to run.
2.398.535.357.97×10−9World record time 50m freestyle swim
5.7820.8112.931.928×10−8World record time marathon[13]
6–720–2512–151.8–2.3×10−8Comfortable bicycling speed.
10110.43837.57823.353.48×10−8Average speed of Jamaican athlete Usain Bolt while setting the 100m world record in Berlin on 16 August 2009.
12.4244.7227.784.14×10−8Top speed reached by Bolt during the same race.
8–1430–5018–312.7–4.7×10−8Typical residential speed limit; top speed of a running cat or dog.
1450314.7×10−8Typical speed of road-race cyclist.
1760375×10−8Typical speed of thoroughbred racehorse or racing greyhound.
5–2518–9011–561.7–8.3×10−8Speed of propagation for unmyelinated sensory neurons.
30110701×10−7Typical speed of car (freeway); cheetah—fastest of all terrestrial animals; sailfish—fastest fish; speed of go-fast boat.
40140901.3×10−7Typical peak speed of a local service train (or intercity on lower standard tracks).
40.05144.1789.591.335×10−7Land speed record for a human powered vehicle.[14]
541951221.8×10−7Maximum speed a human can attain during a face-down free-fall.
672401492.2×10−7The top speed of the world's fastest roller coaster, Formula Rossa.
903202003×10−7Typical speed of a modern high-speed train (e.g. latest generation of production TGV); a diving peregrine falcon—fastest bird; 320 km/h or 200 mph is a parameter sometimes used in defining a supercar.[15]
913282043.04×10−7Fastest recorded ball (a golf ball) in sports.[16]
102100.67362.4225.183.3×10−7Maximum speed recorded by a MotoGP motorcycle. Set by Johann Zarco during the 2021 Qatar Grand Prix at Losail International Circuit in a Ducati Desmosedici GP21 and Brad Binder during the 2021 Italian Grand Prix at Mugello Circuit in a KTM RC16.[17]
1033702303.44×10−7Speed of super torpedo VA-111 Shkval.
103.5372.6231.53.452×10−7Maximum speed recorded by a Formula One car. Set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix at Monza in a McLaren MP4-20.
105.5379.82363.52×10−7Maximum speed of a Ferrari F50 GT1.
1134082543.77×10−7Fastest non-tornadic wind gust recorded on Earth - at Barrow Island, Australia on April 10, 1996, during Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia.[18]
1204322704.0×10−7Speed of propagation for mammalian motor neurons.
124.219447.19277.874.1×10−7Maximum speed of the Koenigsegg Agera RS (currently the fastest production car in the world).[19]
126–143452–517281–3214.2–4.8×10−7The fastest wind speed ever recorded on Earth, caused by the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado.
150.65393375×10−7Top speed of an internal-combustion-powered NHRA Top Fuel Dragster.
154554.4344.55.1×10−7Speed of the fastest crossbow arrow.
1575753515.2×10−7Top speed of experimental test TGV train in 2007.
1615803605.4×10−7Top speed of JR-Maglev in 2003.
2509005608.3×10−7Typical cruising speed of a modern jet airliner, e.g. an Airbus A380.
3141,1307021×10−6Top speed of any World War II-era aircraft, the Me 163B V18 set on July 6, 1944.
3201,2007201.07×10−6The speed of a typical .22 LR bullet.
340.31,2257611.135×10−6Speed of sound in standard atmosphere (15 °C and 1 atm).
344.661,240.77770.981.15×10−6Max speed reached by the jet-propelled car ThrustSSC in 1997—Land speed record.[20]
3731,342.8833.91.2×10−6Highest speed recorded during a free fall set by Felix Baumgartner.
4281,540.89571.4×10−6Max speed of Bell X-1.
4641,6701,0401.55×10−6Speed of Earth's rotation at the equator.
6032,170.81,3502×10−6Speed of the Concorde airliner.
9753,5102,1803.25×10−6Muzzle velocity of M16 rifle.
9813,5322,1943.27×10−6SR-71 Blackbird, the fastest aircraft driven by a mechanical jet engine.
1031,0223,6792,2863.41×10−6Mean orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth.
1,4005,0403,1004.6×10−6Speed of the Space Shuttle when the solid rocket boosters separate.
1,4225,119.23,181.24.7×10−6The speed of fastest commercial cartridge. (.220 Swift, 1.9 grams (29 gr) bullet and 2.7 grams (42 gr) of 3031 powder.)
1,5005,4003,4005×10−6Speed of sound in water or in soft tissue.[21]
1,7896,4434,0026×10−6Speed of BrahMos II hypersonic cruise missile
2,0007,2004,5006.7×10−6Estimated speed of a thermal neutron.
2,0197,268.44,5166.7×10−6Speed of the North American X-15 rocket plane.
2,3758,5505,3457.9×10−6Escape velocity from Moon.
2,7009,6006,0009×10−6Speed of wind on exoplanet HD 189733 b.[22]
2,88510,3856,4539.6×10−6Top speed of the fastest rocket sled.[23]
3,37312,1447,5461.125×10−5Speed of the unmanned X-43 rocket/scramjet plane.
4,50016,00010,0001.5×10−5A typical value for the specific impulse of current rockets.
7,70027,70017,2002.57×10−5Speed of International Space Station and typical speed of other satellites such as the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit.
7,77728,00017,4002.594×10−5Speed of propagation of the explosion in a detonating cord.
10410,60038,16023,713.650.00004Speed of propagation of the explosion of Octanitrocubane (ONC).
11,10739,985.224,8460.00004Speed of Apollo 10 – high speed record for human-crewed vehicle.
11,20040,32025,1000.00004Escape velocity from Earth.
16,10057,90036,0000.00005Fastest projectile velocity (1994).[24]
16,21058,35636,2610.00005Escape speed from Earth by NASA New Horizons spacecraft—Fastest escape velocity.
17,00061,00038,0000.00006The approximate speed of the Voyager 1 probe relative to the Sun, when it exited the Solar System.[25]
29,800107,28066,7000.00010Speed of the Earth in orbit around the Sun.
47,800172,100106,9000.00016Atmospheric entry speed of the Galileo atmospheric probe—Fastest controlled atmospheric entry for a human-made object.
66,000240,000150,0000.00022Lower speed bound of the steel plate cap from the Pascal-B nuclear test of Operation Plumbbob.[26][circular reference]
70,220252,800157,1000.00023Speed of the Helios 2 solar probe.
73,800265,000165,0000.00023Estimated top speed of the Juno spacecraft (mass ~3600 kg) relative to Earth before insertion into Jupiter's orbit — second fastest human-made technical object.[27]
105100,000360,000224,0000.0003Dust particles in dust accelerators can exceed this speed.[28]
140,000540,000313,1700.00047Approaching velocity of Messier 98 to our galaxy.
192,000690,000430,0000.00064Predicted top speed of the Parker Solar Probe at its closest perihelion in 2024.[29][30]
200,000700,000450,0000.00070Orbital speed of the Solar System in the Milky Way galaxy.
308,5711,080,000694,2880.001Approaching velocity of Andromeda Galaxy to our galaxy.
440,0001,600,000980,0000.0015Typical speed of the stepped leader of lightning (cf. return stroke below).[31]
445,0001,600,000995,0000.0015Max velocity of the remaining shell (mass about 0.1 mg) of an inertial confinement fusion capsule driven by the National Ignition Facility for the 'Bigfoot' capsule campaign.[32] Current fastest macroscopic human-made system.
450,0001,600,0001,000,0000.0015Typical speed of a particle of the solar wind, relative to the Sun.
552,0001,990,0001,230,0000.0018Speed of the Milky Way, relative to the cosmic microwave background.
617,7002,224,0001,382,0000.0021Escape velocity from the surface of the Sun.
1061,000,0003,600,0002,200,0000.0030Typical speed of a Moreton wave across the surface of the Sun.
1,610,0005,800,0003,600,0000.0054Speed of hypervelocity star PSR B2224+65, which currently seems to be leaving the Milky Way.
5,000,00018,000,00011,000,0000.017Estimated minimum speed of star S2 at its closest approach to Sagittarius A*.[33]
10714,000,00050,000,00031,000,0000.047Typical speed of a fast neutron.
30,000,000100,000,00070,000,0000.1Typical speed of an electron in a cathode ray tube.
108100,000,000360,000,000220,000,0000.3Typical speed of the return stroke of lightning (cf. stepped leader above).[34]
124,000,000447,000,000277,000,0000.4Speed of light in a diamond (Refractive index 2.417).
150,000,000540,000,000330,000,0000.5The escape velocity of a neutron star.
200,000,000720,000,000440,000,0000.7Speed of a signal in an optical fiber[citation needed].
299,792,4561,079,252,840670,615,2821 − 9×10−9Speed of the 7 TeV protons in the Large Hadron Collider at full power.[35]
299,792,457.9961,079,252,848.786670,616,629.381 − 1×10−11Maximal speed of an electron in LEP (104.5 GeV).
299,792,458 − 1.5×10−151,079,252,848.8 − 5.4×10−15670,616,629.41 − 4.9×10−24Speed of the Oh-My-God particle ultra-high-energy cosmic ray.[36]
299,792,4581,079,252,848.8670,616,629.41Speed of light or other electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum or massless particles.
>299,792,458>1,079,252,848.8>670,616,629.4>1Expansion rate of the universe between objects farther apart than the Hubble radius

See also

References

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