Proline-rich protein 16 (PRR16) is a protein coding gene in Homo sapiens.[1] The protein is known by the alias Largen.
Gene
Locus
PRR16 is located on the long arm of chromosome 5. It is found at position 5q23.1. It has five known transcripts.[2]
Gene Neighborhood
Cytogenic band: 5q23.1
The image above shows chromosome five and the various gene locations on it. PRR16 can be seen at the thin red band that has been placed at q23.
Size
PRR16 spans 330,365 bases and encodes for a mRNA that is 1,707 nucleotides. The resulting protein is 304 amino acids long.[1]
mRNA
Splice Variants
PRR16 has five known splice variants, each with a different processed transcript. 
[4]
Isoforms
There are three known isoforms of PRR16. Isoform 2 contains an additional exon in the 5' region, and it thus differs in the 5' UTR and initiates translation at an alternate start codon, compared to variant 1. Isoform 3 has two variants. The first contains an alternate 5' terminal exon, and it thus differs in the 5' UTR and initiates translation at a downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1. The second contains alternate 5' exon structure, and it thus differs in the 5' UTR and initiates translation at a downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1. All three isoforms are shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform 1.[1]
Protein
Structure
Primary Structure
The PRR16 protein is 304 amino acids in length. It has a molecular weight of 32.8 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.09.[5][6] The protein does not interact with the membrane.
Secondary Structure
The only predictable feature of the PRR16 protein is an α-helix near the N-terminus, spanning about thirty amino acids. The remainder of the protein has a disordered structure.[7]
Tertiary Structure
This structure was predicted by analyzing the amino acid sequence using I-TASSER. The final result can be seen below.[8]
Post-Translational Modifications
- Predicted glycation at Lys 4, Lys 6, Lys 49, Lys 94, Lys 96, Lys 105, Lys 119, Lys 148, Lys 181, and Lys 290.[9]
- Predicted nuclear export signals (NES) at Leu 39 and Leu 41.[10]
- Predicted O-linked glycosylation sites at Ser 2, Ser 5, Ser 10, Ser 11, Ser 12, Ser 75, Thr 79, Ser 82, Ser 83, Ser 84, Ser 85, Ser 87, Thr 88, Ser 91, Ser 111, Thr 130, Thr 143, Thr 149, Glu 235, Leu 254, Ser 270, Ser 272, Ser 274, Thr 282, Thr 287, Thr 294, Ser 299, and Thr 300.[11]
- Predicted phosphorylation at Ser 2, Ser 5, Ser 10, Ser 11, Ser 22, Ser 74, Ser 75, Ser 82, Ser 83, Ser 84, Ser 85, Ser 87, Ser 91, Thr 115, Thr 130, Thr 152, Tyr 224, Thr 254, Thr 282, Ser 299, Thr 300, and Thr 303.[12]
- Predicted sumoylation at site Lys 133.[13]
Subcellular Location
The k-NN tool suggests the location of PRR16 in the nucleus of the cell with 52.2% certainty. The cytoplasm was predicted with 30.4% certainty, The following locations were predicted with 4.3% certainty: cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, mitochondria, and peroxisome.[14]
Expression
The PRR16 gene is expressed at very low levels throughout the body. It is expressed in the skeletal muscle, heart, lung, skin, portions of the brain, and bone marrow.[15]
Interacting Proteins
| Protein | Function[16] | Tool |
|---|---|---|
| Abelson-interactor 2 (ABI2) | Regulation of cell growth and actin filament reorganization | Biogrid,[17] IntAct,[18] Mentha[19] |
| Amyloid precursor protein (APP) | Caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies | Biogrid, InnateDB,[20] Mentha |
| Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) | Positive mediator of programmed cell death | Biogrid, IntAct |
| Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4-like (NEDD4L) | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase | Biogrid, InnateDB, Mentha |
| Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase | Biogrid, InnateDB |
| Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) | Involved in gastrointestinal immunity | Biogrid |
| Protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP1CA) | Cell division, regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility, and protein synthesis | Biogrid, InnateDB, IntAct, Mentha |
| Protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit gamma (PPP1CC) | Cell division, regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility, and protein synthesis | Biogrid, InnateDB, Mentha |
| SMAD ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1) | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase | Biogrid, Mentha |
Homology
Paralogs
There are two isoforms of Inhibitory synaptic factor 1 that are known paralogs of PRR16.
Orthologs
PRR16 is found in all classes of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians. The most distant ortholog of PRR16 is in Branchiostoma belcheri and Branchiostoma floridae, which diverged an estimated 684 million years ago.[22] The gene has not been found in any plants, fungi or single celled organisms. The table below compares the known orthologs.[23]
| Organism | Common Name | Class | Accession Number | Sequence Identity | Sequence Similarity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Human | Mammalia | NP_001287712.1 | 100% | 100% |
| Pan paniscus | Bonobo | Mammalia | XP_003826752.1 | 99% | 100% |
| Mus musculus | House mouse | Mammalia | NP_001074693.1 | 93% | 95% |
| Ochotona princeps | American pika | Mammalia | XP_004586413.1 | 91% | 94% |
| Vombatus ursinus | Common wombat | Mammalia | XP_027730777.1 | 87% | 81% |
| Podarcis muralis | Common wall lizard | Reptilia | XP_028604016.1 | 88% | 91% |
| Alligator sinensis | Chinese alligator | Reptilia | XP_006033732.1 | 86% | 89% |
| Chrysemys picta bellii | Painted turtle | Reptilia | XP_005305197.1 | 88% | 91% |
| Pogona vitticeps | Central bearded dragon | Reptilia | XP_020659290.1 | 84% | 86% |
| Pseudonaja textilis | Eastern brown snake | Reptilia | XP_026576168.1 | 81% | 84% |
| Gallus gallus | Chicken | Aves | XP_001232593.3 | 81% | 85% |
| Columba livia | Rock pigeon | Aves | XP_005506281.1 | 85% | 89% |
| Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Bald eagle | Aves | XP_010560635.1 | 82% | 86% |
| Empidonax traillii | Willow flycatcher | Aves | XP_027735123.1 | 82% | 86% |
| Nanorana parkeri | High Himalaya frog | Amphibia | XP_018426570.1 | 71% | 79% |
| Xenopus tropicalis | Western clawed frog | Amphibia | XP_017946181.1 | 72% | 79% |
| Lepisosteus oculatus | Spotted gar fish | Actinopterygii | XP_006626913.1 | 65% | 77% |
| Callorhinchus milii | Australian ghostshark | Chondrichthyes | XP_007897515.1 | 64% | 75% |
| Branchiostoma belcheri | Lancelet | Amphioxiformes | XP_019614579.1 | 47% | 78% |
| Branchiostoma floridae | Lancelet | Amphioxiformes | XP_002601582.1 | 47% | 78% |
References
Attribution: Contains public domain text from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51334