The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama.[2] It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.[1][2]
| South American common toad | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Rhinella |
| Species: | R. margaritifera |
| Binomial name | |
| Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) | |
| Synonyms | |
Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) | |
Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.[1]
Member species
As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized.[3]
- Rhinella acutirostris
- Rhinella alata
- Rhinella castaneotica
- Rhinella dapsilis
- Rhinella hoogmoedi
- Rhinella lescurei
- Rhinella magnussoni
- Rhinella margaritifera
- Rhinella paraguayensis
- Rhinella martyi
- Rhinella ocellata
- Rhinella proboscidea
- Rhinella roqueana
- Rhinella scitula
- Rhinella sclerocephala
- Rhinella stanlaii
References
