User:علی ویکی/info 4

According to historian Vladimir Minorsky^[5] :

According to Xavier Planhol^[6]:

According to Professor K. Shippmann^[7]:

Strabo in Book 11 of his geography gives us one of the earliest accounts of the region and mentions the kingdom of Atropatene.

The Natural History of Pliny states:

Shapur I's inscription in Naqsh-e-Rostam also lists the North Western and Caucasian provinces of Sassanid Iran, amongst them Albania, Atropatene, Armenia, Iberia, Balasgan, and the gate of Alans.^[9]

Various historians and geographers and travelers have given description of the region during the Islamic era and the article. Some of these are listed in chronological order here.

Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (d. 760) a Muslim or Zoroastrian scholar and translator of Persian background is quoted by Ibn Nadeem (d. 988) as incorporating the region of Azerbaijan into the Fahla^[10]:

Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn (896-956), the Arab historian states:

Ahmad ibn Yaqubi (d. 897) in his work Al-Buldan (The Countries) writes^[12]

Ahmad ibn Yaqubi (d. 897) in his work Al-Tarikh (The History) writes^[13]:

Ahmad ibn Yaqubi quoted by the Arabian historian Abul Fida has stated:^[14]

Al-Istakhri, in 930, wrote:

Al-Muqaddasi (b. 945) lists the cities of Azerbaijan and Armenia and Aran:^[16]

Ibn Hawqal (943-977), the 10th century Arabian traveler gives an eyewitness account of his stay in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Aran.^[17] Fakhr ad-din Asad Gorgani, a 11th century poet, who rhymed the pre-Islamic story of Vis o Ramin into new Persian poetry, mentions Azerbaijan, Armenia and Aran in two couplets as the special domain of the princess vis^[18] Ḥamd-Allāh ibn Abī Bakr Qazvīnī Mustawfi, in his Nuzhat al-qulub (d. 1339-40) also mentions Azerbaijan, Arran, Mughan, and Shirvan as different provinces.^[19]

Bal'ami (946-973), the 10th century Persian court chronicler of Samanids, translated an abridged version of Tabari's history into Persian and wrote his own additional comments. He states^[20]:

Bala'ami also states:^[21]

Ibn Rusta, a 9th/10th century Persian explorer and geographer traveled to region and has mentioned the names of the districts and provinces. He writes in his famous book al-A'laq Al-Nafisah:

The Hodud al-Alam, finished in 982, "considered Azerbaijan, Arran, and Armenia as the pleasantest of all the Islamic lands.^[23] It also states:

Ali ibn al-Athir on the Mongol invasions (1163–1233):

Zakariya ibn Muhammad Qazvini (1208/1209-1283/1284), the writer of Athar Al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-'ibad writes^[26]:

Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229), a Syrian born geographer is famous for his geography bible Mu'jam Al-Buldan. He states:

Hamdollah Mostowfi (1281-1349 AD), Persian chronicler who worked for the Ilkhanid administration and was familiar with administrative affairs of his time writes:^[28]:

The 17th century Persian dictionary/quasi-encyclopedia Burhan Qati' under the words Aras and Aran gives two definitions^[29]

In his book entitled The travels of Sir John Chardin, by the way of the Black Sea, through the countries of Circassia, Mingrelia, the country of the Abcas, Georgia, Armenia, and Media, into Persia proper, Sir John Chardin, a traveller from France who visited the Middle East at the end of the 17th century described Azerbaijan as follows:

Modern (18th, 19th, and 20th centuries)

William Jones, an English Historian and translator of Mirza Muhammad Mahdi Khan Astrabadi's Tarikh-i Jahangusha-yi Naderi (a history book written about Nader Shah) mentions Azerbaijan and its major cities in the preface, which include Tabriz and Ardabil. It also describes the major cities of Arran and Armenia, and Shirvan and Daghestan, which were Gangia and Erivan, and Baku, Shamakhi, and Derbent respectively.^[31] In A System of Geography, published in 1832, the Asiatic Caucasian provinces of Russia are called Daghistan, Shirwan, and Aran. Persia's boundary is limited to the Araxes, and the land below the Araxes is labeled as Azerbaijan.^[32]

Keith Abbot, British Consular General in Persia, wrote in the Memorandum on the Country of Azerbaijan in 1863:

Charles Anthon (d. 1888) writes:

Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, published in 1890, states the following in the article called "Azerbeijan":

The Methodist Magazine and Review (d. 1900) states:

According to the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (d. 1901):

'The Nuttall Encyclopædia (d. 1907) states:

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (d. 1908) states:

Encyclopaedia Britannica (d. 1911), states the following in the article called "Azerbaijan":

Also, according to The History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews (d. 1908),^[41] Persia: The Land of the Magi (d. 1913),^[42] and The Foreign Doctor: A Biography of Joseph Plumb Cochran, M.D. of Persia (d. 1917),^[43] Azerbaijan is described as a province of Persia. In Persian, the word is translatable to both "the treasury" and "the treasurer" of fire.^[44]

According to Barrington atlas of the Greek and Roman world:

According to Professor of History Muriel Atkin^[48]:

According to Professor. George Bourtounian^[50]:

According to Vladimir Minorsky:

According to Professor Tadeusz Swietochowski:

According to C.E. Bosworth:

According to Professor Xavier De Planhol:

According to Professor Ben Fowkes:

According Professor Bert. G. Franger^[56]:

Tadeusz Swietochowski comments on the Czarist reforms during the 19th century^[57]:

With the collapse of Tsarist Russia in 1917, the Musavat Party met in Tbilisi on May 28, 1918 and proclaimed independence of their country with the name Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Tadeusz Swietochowski also comments on the Iranian reaction and subsequent response from the new government^[58]:

He also states:

According to Igor M. Diakonoff:

According to Vladimir Minorsky:

Vasily Bartold has stated:

Today the name Azerbaijan is used to denote both the Republic of Azerbaijan and the north western provinces of Iran, which are East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, and Zanjan. During the Soviet era, the name 'Southern Azerbaijan' was created and propagated throughout the USSR.^[62] The USSR also created two organizations ^[63] for separating the provinces of East and West Azerbaijan from Iran. Today, the nomenclature South Azerbaijan is used by some politicians in the Republic of Azerbaijan and some groups advocating separatism of Iranian Azerbaijan.^[62] At the same time, the heavily Kurdish populated province of West Azerbaijan in Iran has also been called East Kurdistan(Rojhelat) by some Kurdish political groups and this nomenclature has also been used by some western sources.^[64]

Historically the Turkic-speaking people of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Caucasus often called themselves or were referred to by some neighboring peoples (e.g. Persians) as Turks, and religious identification prevailed over ethnic identification. When Transcaucasia became part of the Russian empire, Russian authorities, who traditionally called all Turkic people Tatars, called them Aderbeijani/Azerbaijani or Caucasian Tatars to distinguish them from other Turkic people, also called Tatars by Russians.^[65] The Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary also refers to Azerbaijanis as Aderbeijans in some articles.^[66] According to the article "Turko-Tatars" of the above encyclopedia, “some scholars (Yadrintsev, Kharuzin, Chantre) suggested to change the terminology of some Turko-Tatar people, who somatically don’t have much in common with Turks, for instance, to call Aderbaijani Tatars (Iranians by type) Aderbaijans”.^[67] The modern ethnonym Azerbaijani/Azeri, in its present form, was accepted in 1930s.

• Iran
• Republic of Azerbaijan
• Iranian Azerbaijan
• Arran
• Caucasus Albania
• Atropatene
• Aturpatakan
• Armenia
• Georgia
• Azerbaijani people
• Iranian origin of the Azerbaijanis
• Origin of the name Khuzestan
• Timeline of the name Palestine

7th

Jābir ibn Hayyān 721-815al-Khwārizmī 780-850

8th

9th

Al-Kindi 801-873Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 850-934Farabi 872-950

10th

Ferdowsi 940-1020Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī 973-1048Avicenna 980-1037Abu Nasr Mansur 970-1036Alhazen 965-1039

11th

Muhammad al-Idrisi 1099-1160

12th

13th

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 1201-1274

14th

15th

16th

Mulla Sadra 1571-1641

17th

Mir Damad d.1632

mahdi born 869

minor occultation 874 to 941

Kulayni 864-941

al-Mufid (948-1022)

al-Murtadha (965-1044)

al-Radhi (970-1015)

al-Saduq (918-991)

Qummi, Ali ibn Babwayh (??-940)

Tusi, Abu Ja‘far (995-1067)

• Al-Shaykh al-Saduq
• Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
• Al-Sharif al-Radi
• al-Sharif al-Murtada
• Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni
• Shaykh Tusi
• Al-Hurr al-Aamili
• Shahid Awwal
• Shahid Thani
• Qazi Nurullah Shustari
• Shahid Thani
• Shahid Rabay
• Maitham Al Bahrani 13th-century cleric and theologian
• Al-Hilli 13th-century cleric and theologian

• Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali -was a close companion of Imam Ali and grammarian. he was the first to place dots on the Arabic Words and the first to write on Arabic linguistics.

• Abu Zayd al-Balkhi Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist.
• Al-Kindi - Iraqi and Arab Polymath
• Jabir ibn Hayyan- Persian polymath ; known as the father of chemistry
• Abu Ali Sina- Persian polymath; also known as Avicenna to the West
• Al-Khwārizmī - polymath; regarded as the father of algebra and algorithm
• Al-Farabi -Muslim polymath and one of the greatest scientists and philosophers of Persia and the Islamic world in his time. He was also a cosmologist, logician, musician, psychologist and sociologist.
• Abu Nasr Mansur - known for his work with the spherical sine law
• Muhammad al-Idrisi Islamic geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist descendant of the Idrisid dynasty.
• al-Biruni - polymath; regarded as the father of geodesy, the founder of Indology, the "first anthropologist" and "one of the greatest scientists of all times"
• Alhazen -Iraqi polymath; regarded as father of optics for his Book of Optics, as well as the founder of experimental psychology and experimental physics
• Khalil ibn Ahmad -Iraqi Arab philologist and linguist.
• Sibawayh -linguist.
• Ahmed ibn Yusuf -Iraqi Arab mathematician.
• Abū Sahl al-Qūhī -Persian mathematician, physicist and astronomer.
• Ibn Miskawayh - philosopher and scientist; described the process of evolution in the tenth century
• Ferdowsi - poet, author of Shahnameh the national epic of Iran
• Abu Mikhnaf -Iraqi Arab Muslim historian.
• Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi -Iraqi Arab Muslim historian.
• Ya'qubi -Iraqi Muslim historian and geographer.
• Ahmad ibn A'zham -Iraqi Muslim historian.
• Al-Masudi -Iraqi Arab historian and geographer known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs.
• Ibn al-Nadim -Iraqi historian.
• Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī Arab Muslim geographer, poet, grammarian, historian, and astronomer
• Ibn Wahshiyya Nabataean Arab writer, alchemist, agriculturalist, Egyptologist and historian
• Abolfadl Harawi -Iranian Muslim astronomer.
• Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi -Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician.
• Al-Birjandi -Iranian Muslim astronomer.
• Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician.
• Ibn Hawqal Arab writer, geographer, and chronicler
• Qadi al-Nu'man Isma'ili jurist and the official historian of the Fatimid caliphs.
• Ibn Yunus Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician.
• Ali ibn Ridwan Egyptian Muslim physician, astrologer and astronomerphilosopher.
• Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani Persianphilosopher.
• Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī - astronomer , mathematician.
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi - astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, Early Islamic philosopher, physician and marja; early pioneer of biological evolution.
• Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi -Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician, architect and engineer.
• Ibn al-Tiqtaqa -Iraqi Arab Muslim historian.
• Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili - Lebanese Muslim scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician.
• Iskandar Beg Munshi -court historian of the Safavid emperor Shah Abbas I.
• Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi -chief secretary, historian, biographer, advisor, strategist.
• Mulla Sadra - philosopher, founder of existentialism and transcendent theosophy
• Mir Damad -Iranian philosopher
• Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah electrical and electronics research engineer, mathematician and inventor.
• Rammal Rammal
• Allama Rasheed Turabi-Hyderabad, India later migrated to Pakistan theologian, scholar, philosopher
• Kazem Behbehani -Kuwaiti immunologist and retired professor. He has done research on tropical diseases before he became International Health Advocat at WHO.
• Hani Al-Mazeedi -Kuwaiti scholar.
• Lotfi Asker Zadeh Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory.
• Wissam S. al-Hashimi Iraqi geologist.
• Jim Al-Khalili Iraqi theoretical nuclear physicist, academic, author and broadcaster.
• Husain Mohammad Jafri
• Samad Rizvi
• Athar Ali
• Pervez Hoodbhoy
• Asad Ali Abadi
• Agha Shahi
• Razi Abedi
• Nayyar Ali Zaidi
• Naveed Zaidi
• Kalbe Razi Naqvi
• Syed Tanzeem Hussain Naqvi