User:Nafis Fuad Ayon/sandbox

TRG-230
TRG-230 of the Bangladesh Army on a KAMAZ chassis
Type	Rocket artillery
Place of origin	Turkey

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Part of the post-Soviet conflicts
Clockwise from top left: The first major demonstration in Stepanakert during the Karabakh movement Armenian soldiers in northern Artsakh 1994 Azerbaijani refugees after the Khojaly massacre in train Bayraktar TB2 at 2020 Victory Parade in Baku Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians after the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive Russian peacekeepers and Azerbaijani military personnel near Vank village Clashes between the armies of Azerbaijan and Artsakh during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War Azerbaijani soldiers during first Nagorno Karabagh war
Date 20 February 1988 – 1 January 2024[10] (35 years, 10 months, 1 week and 5 days) Guerrilla warfare: 1988–1991[11] First Nagorno-Karabakh War: 1992–1994[12][13] Low-intensity conflict: 1994–2020[14][15] Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: 2020[16][17] Low-intensity conflict: 2020–2023[18] Azerbaijani offensive: 2023[19] Location Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact, Armenia–Azerbaijan border Status Azerbaijani victory[20] Armenian victory: 1994[21] Political stalemate[22] and cold war: 1994–2020[23][24][25] Arms race[26] and militarization[27][28] Azerbaijani victory: 2020[29] Border crisis: 2021–2024[30][31][32][33] Blockade of Artsakh: 2022–2024[10] Azerbaijani victory: 2023[34] Disbandment of the Artsakh Defence Army: 2023[35] Negotiations started between Artsakh and Azerbaijan on 21 September 2023[36] Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians (2023) Artsakh dissolved on 1 January 2024[10] Territorial changes Azerbaijan regained control over all of Nagorno-Karabakh[37][38][39]
Belligerents
Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh; until 2023)[a][b]  Armenia[c] Military support Foreign fighters Arms suppliers Diplomatic support	Azerbaijan (from 1991)  Soviet Union (until 1991)[d]  Azerbaijan SSR  Turkey (2020) (alleged by Armenia)[7][8][9] Foreign fighters Arms suppliers Diplomatic support Supported by:  Turkey (2020)
Units involved
Artsakh Defence Army (until 2023) Armed Forces of Armenia	Azerbaijani Armed Forces Soviet Armed Forces (until 1991)
Strength
2018: 65,000 (active servicemen)[40][e] 1993–1994: 30,000–40,000[43][44]	2019: 66,950 (active servicemen)[45] 1993–1994: 42,000–56,000[44][43][46]
Casualties and losses
28,000–38,000 killed (1988–1994)[51] 3,000 killed (May 1994 – August 2009)[52] 541–547+ killed (2010–2019)[53] 7,717 killed (2020)[54] 44 killed (2021–2022)[55]

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict^[f] was an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts.

Throughout the Soviet period, Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast were heavily discriminated against. The Soviet Azerbaijani authorities worked to suppress Armenian culture and identity in Nagorno-Karabakh, pressured Armenians to leave the region and encouraged Azerbaijanis to settle within it, although Armenians remained the majority population.^[60] During the glasnost period, a 1988 Nagorno-Karabakh referendum was held to transfer the region to Soviet Armenia, citing self-determination laws in the Soviet constitution. This act was met with a series of pogroms against Armenians across Azerbaijan, before violence committed against both Armenians and Azerbaijanis occurred.^[61]

The conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the early 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The war was won by Artsakh and Armenia, and led to occupation of regions around Soviet-era Nagorno-Karabakh. There were expulsions of ethnic Armenians from Azerbaijan and ethnic Azerbaijanis from Armenia and the Armenian-controlled areas. In 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted four resolutions that supported territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and demanded the immediate withdrawal of Armenian forces from all Azerbaijani territories.^[62] The ceasefire ending the war, signed in 1994 in Bishkek, was followed by two decades of relative stability, which significantly deteriorated in the 2010s. A four-day escalation in April 2016 resulted in hundreds of casualties but only minor changes to the front line.

In late 2020, the large-scale Second Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in thousands of casualties and a significant Azerbaijani victory. An armistice was established by a tripartite ceasefire agreement on November 10, resulting in Azerbaijan regaining all of the occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh as well as capturing one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh itself.^[63] Ceasefire violations in Nagorno-Karabakh and on the Armenian–Azerbaijani border continued following the 2020 war. Azerbaijan began blockading Artsakh in December 2022, and launched a large-scale military offensive in September 2023,^[64][65][66] resulting in the surrender of the Artsakh authorities. Artsakh officially dissolved on 1 January 2024, ending the conflict.^[67]