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"My dear cousin, you ask me, in your kind letter of May 25 [1924], to explain how, as a simple infantry officer, I was led to fulfil the roles and to carry out work bearing little relation to the career I had entered.

This obliges me to recall my memories and remind myself that from the age I started to enjoy mechanical toys, my biggest hobby was fixing and restoring whatever came into my hands.

1861 - Later my reading always focused on books describing mechanics, so that at 11 years old, Ganot's Physics having fallen to my hands, I studied it with the greatest interest, initiating myself into all the mysteries of the steam engine and its applications." ^[1]

"As a child, young Krebs had made a steam engine that ran a whole mechanical sawmill installed in an old sewing machine." ^[2]

• 
  1850 - Arthur Constantin KREBS: birth certificate.
• 
  1862~ Constantin & Elodie KREBS children: Léonce-Vital (~14), Arthur (~12), Marie (~10). ^[3]
• 
  1860 - Adolphe Ganot: Introductory course of natural philosophy: for the use of high schools and academies, edited from GANOT'S POPULAR PHYSICS.

"This particular aptitude was not without harming my classical studies to some extent, because my mind, more preoccupied with what it had learned on its own, sought to realise them practically.

This naturally led me to draw with precision what, subsequently, rendered me the greatest service. A well executed sketch better expresses the author's thoughts to others than any description or explanation that can be given when it comes to any construction or machine." ^[1]

• 
  1875 - Imitation drawing of a machine for sewing the sails of the tuna boats of Belle-île isle (Morbihan) made by A. C. KREBS. ^[3]
• 
  1878 - A. C. KREBS: drawing of Renard's rope testing machine (signed Krebs). ^[3]
• 
  1878 - A. C. KREBS: drawing of Renard's aerostatic valve (signed Krebs). ^[3]

"In 1867 I saw for the first time the automobile vehicle of Lotz. [...] The vehicle of Lotz consisted essentially of a steam generator carried on a forecarriage with fifth wheel with a coupling (king bolt) pin and with a trailer consisting of an axle and two wheels, one of which wheels could be connected or disconnected from the axle in order to permit endless screw gearing with a sector connected by chains to the ends of the front axle. I saw this vehicle running at Lons le Saulnier , in view of a trial made with this machine under the direction of Mr. Lotz when he made a trip for advertising purposes in 1867. " ^[4]

1868 - "This habit of translating my thought into a drawing had developed in me the faculty of seeing well in three dimensions, and I remember that in Math-special, my teacher always sent me to the blackboard to draw descriptive sketches in which he often got confused." ^[1]

• 
  The LOTZ steam road locomotive that A. C. KREBS saw in Lons le Saulnier in 1867.
• 
  1868 - A. C. KREBS: Automobile project for a math-special course. The extremely raked steering column suggests an intention of real speed. ^[3]

"In 1870, I took the Polytechnique exams and those at St-Cyr. But the war that arose before the oral exams for admission to l' X took place in Besançon, where I was finishing my studies, I could not undergo them and followed the fate of those eligible for St-Cyr." ^[1]

• 
  1871-01 - Second lieutenant A. C. KREBS stationed at Villefranche-sur-mer near Nice. ^[3]
• 
  1871-01-04 - Watercolor by A. C. KREBS: "Villefranche bay seen from the corniche road". ^[3]

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1873 - "After the war and the time spent in St-Cyr, I came to garrison in Brest. As an officer, the arsenal was open to me. I took advantage of it to deepen my knowledge of mechanics and continue my technical studies." ^[1]

• 
  The Brest military arsenal: the Capuchin workshops and the mast workshop.
• 
  1873-1874 - A. C. KREBS: sketchbook in Brest and Nantes: The revolver crane of the Brest military arsenal. ^[3]
• 
  1900 - The revolver crane of the Brest military arsenal.
• 
  2011 - the Viaduc of the revolver crane of the Plateau des Capucins.
• 
  1875 - Lieutenant A. C. KREBS garrisoned in Brest after his training in St-Cyr.
• 
  1875 - The Ernest Goüin shipyards in Nantes on the "Île de la Prairie-au-Duc" on the Loire.
• 
  1878 - Paris Universal Exposition: The Jollet and Babin shipyards in Nantes. ^{[5] [6]}
• 
  1885 - Uniform of the student of the special military school of St-Cyr.
• 
  1893 - Graduated exercises in topographical drawing for the use of candidates at the Special Military School of Saint-Cyr.

Brest maps

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1873 - "During my stay in Brest, I made plans of this city and its surroundings, and I had the authorization to manufacture, with the help of workers of the regiment, a press with which I was able to print a few thousand copies of the map I had drawn up, which was used for many years." ^[7]

• 
  1873 - Map of the center of Brest drawn and printed by A. C. KREBS. ^[3]
• 
  1873 - Topographic map of the surroundings of Brest engraved by A. C. KREBS when he was 19th line regiment (signed A. Krebs). ^[3]

Hull design

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1875 - "My future father-in-law [Antoine de Fréminville], my father's childhood friend, had given me books on Marine Steam Machines and the construction of ships ^[8] he taught at the École du Génie Maritime in Brest.

I profited from this and later, in garrison in Nantes, in 1875, I drew up the plans for a ship which was built by an industrialist whom I had met." ^[1]

"A difficulty having arisen one day in the construction of a new model, it was Lieutenant Krebs who undertook to solve it. He alone made the plans for the ship, and his proposals were implemented point by point." ^[2]

• 
  1883 - The hull of the electric launch the Ampère. This boat was designed and built by A. C. KREBS to pull models of the airship La France and determine its aerodynamic shape (see below). ^[3]
• 
  1889 - "L'Etincelle" (the Spark) steam boat drawn by A. C. KREBS, with the Durenne & Krebs steam engine.
• 
  1899-12-16 - "The PHOENIX - petrol launch": "The author of these plans, as well as those of the engine, is Mr. Commander Krebs [...]." ^[9]
• 
  1903-1911 - Petrol motorboats "L'Etincelle" (the Spark) I and II drawn by A. C. KREBS who also designed the engines as Director of Panhard & Levassor factories.
• 
  1913 - The 14 meters "Parcifal" boat drawn by A. C. KREBS and built by Kraff shipyards in Quimper.

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History of aerostation

1884-10-01 - airships

1876 - "At the end of 1876 my battalion came to Paris. Put in touch with Captain Renard by a mutual friend,, I contacted him and he informed me of the work he had undertaken at the Air Communications Commission and asked for my collaboration.

Colonel Laussedat, who chaired this commission, had me appointed by the minister, and I was seconded to the Engineering Department, on which the Chalais-Meudon Workshops depended. My dearest wishes were thus fulfilled, but to inspire confidence and obtain credit, you had to succeed and only promise what you were sure you could achieve.

Renard had already built a captive balloon, but the mechanical part allowing ascents to be carried out was only embryonic. I undertook to remedy this, and thanks to the Exhibition of 1878, I quickly assembled all the elements necessary to establish a steam winch which functioned to our great satisfaction from the month of August." ^[1]

Captive balloon train

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History of the tethered balloon

"The experiments and demonstrations followed one another brilliantly in complete safety and allowed us to interest members of the Budget Committee, because it was necessary to obtain the funds to continue the studies and carry out the projects covered by the Committee of Air Communications.

Gambetta, then Clémenceau, came in turn to attend the experiments and promised their support.

Two goals were to be pursued:

1 / Design and construction of a captive balloon equipment transportable in the field;

2 / Design and construction of an airship.

The first seemed easy to me. It basically involved the construction of a steam winch on wheels for balloon manoeuvres, and that of two other cars to transportat the tackle and accessories of the steam engine (water and coal) and an apparatus, also on wheels, for the production of hydrogen gas. Renard took care of this last requirement and I took the first." ^[1]

• 
  1876 - Charles Renard (1847-1905) director of the Chalais-meudon aerostatic establishment.
• 
  1880 ~ Aimé Laussédat (1819-1907) director of the air communications commission.
• 
  1881 - Léon Gambetta (1838-1882) came to attend the experiments of Krebs & Renard and promised his budget support.
• 
  1881 - Georges Clémenceau (1841-1929) came to attend the experiments of Krebs & Renard and promised his budget support.
• 
  1882 - Steam boiler system KREBS for the maneuvering winch of captive balloons in the field. ^[3]
• 
  1882 - A.C. KREBS steam winch for maneuvering captive balloons in the field. This winch implements for the first time the principle of towing with two parallel drums. ^[3]
• 
  1883 - Van car designed by A.C. KREBS for the captive balloon train in the field. ^[3]
• 
  1883 - Apparatus car designed by A.C. KREBS for the captive balloon train in the field. ^[3]
• 
  1906 - KREBS model 1882 steam aerostation winch in operation.
• 
  1916 - The A. C. KREBS Aerostation Steam Winch System of 1882: Practical mechanics course. ^[3]

Hydrogen generator

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Hydrogen production history

1879-1880 - C. RENARD designs stationary and mobile hydrogen generators and A. C. KREBS designs the steam engines that power them.

• 
  1878 - A. C. KREBS Field steam electric generator: "electric light machine with flat electromagnets" in particular intended for the electrolysis of water. (signed Krebs). ^[3]
• 
  1879-11 - C. RENARD: stationary hydrogen generator at Chalais-Meudon for balloon inflation. A. C. KREBS designed the steam engine that powered it. ^[3]
• 
  1880-10 - A. C. KREBS designed the steam engine which supplied the stationary hydrogen generator designed by C. RENARD at Chalais-Meudon for the inflation of balloons. ^[3]
• 
  1882 - C. RENARD & A. C.KREBS: hydrogen generator car for the inflation of captive balloons in the field. ^[3]
• 
  1882 - Production of hydrogen gas in the field with the captive balloon train of A. C. KREBS & C. RENARD. The steam winch from A. C. KREBS can be seen in the background. ^[3]

"To carry out this work quickly and successfully, we had to establish a laboratory and set up a mechanical workshop, both provided with the necessary tools and tools workshop. We had engineering Sappers from the Regiment of Versailles as workers". ^[1]

1906 - "All the mechanical work has been the subject of special study by me, and to accomplish this I constructed and organized a shop located in the park of Chalais-Meudon, which shop is still in existence". ^[4]

1879-1880 - "The following year (June 1879), a first station was created and made it possible to experiment with balloon transport and ascents on the plateau which dominates Meudon to the south. Following these tests, the minister decided that this park would attend the Grandes Manoeuvres which were to take place around Silliers-le-Guillaume (22 and 23 September 1880). During these manoeuvres, the information on the progress of operations by the staff officer deputised to the ballon station [[Arthur_Constantin_Krebs#L%C3%A9once_Krebs [Léonce Krebs]] was so convincing that it was decided to build 4 similar stations whose construction was entrusted to us."

"The funds allocated allowed us to expand the workshops, improve the tools and establish a manufacturing operation which served as a model for the 25 captive balloon stations in the various Army Corps and strongholds in 1914." ^[1]

Free ascents

• 
  1878-06 - Photo album of A. C. KREBS: The captive balloon at Chalais-Meudon. ^[3]
• 
  1879-08-03 - Free balloon ride of C. RENARD and A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1882 - L'Aéronaute: Long-term ascents. Mr Poitevin signed that article instead of A. C. KREBS. [1] [2] [3]

Marriage

1881 - A. C. KREBS married Marie de Fréminville, sister of Charles de Fréminville.

• 
  1881 - A. C. KREBS wedding portrait. ^[3]
• 
  1881 - Mrs Marie de Fréminville wedding portrait, sister of Charles de Fréminville. ^[3]
• 
  1881 - A. C. KREBS: "My home in Chalais-Meudon" in the Aerostatic Research Park.

"La France" airship with Charles RENARD and Henri DUPUY-de-LÔME

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Collaborating with Charles Renard, he piloted the first fully controlled free-flight made in the French Army airship La France, which was designed in 1884. The flight^[10] covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes. It was ^[11] with a landing at the starting point. On five of its seven flights La France returned to its starting point.

"In the meantime, studies and experiments continued for the construction of the airship. Its realization was for us the height of our aspirations and was the object of our deepest meditations. The shape of the balloon, the arrangement of the nacelle and the determination of the kind of energy to be employed as the motive force for its propulsion, were the subject of a long examination and in-depth discussions."

Search for a light engine: steam, hydrogen, electricity

• 
  1878-04-25 - A. C. KREBS: Patent FR124078A "Direct circulation steam generator called RENHAYE generator" from De la Haye, Renard and Krebs.
• 
  1882 - The hydrogen engine designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1883-12 - A. C. KREBS: Research paper "Electric motors with electro-magnets - Theory of operation" for the electric motor of the airship "La France" of 1884. ^[3]
• 
  1884 - A. C. KREBS electric motor for the 'La France' airship.

1878 - "Before the 1878 Exhibition while at the aeronautic station I bought and accepted, at the shops of Panhard & Levassor, a two horse power [city gas] Otto four cycle engine for installation at the balloon sewing shop." ^[4]

1881 - "At that time, the electrical industry was developing. The International Electricity Congress of 1881 had just determined the units of measurement necessary for the study and applications of this new branch of energy. The gasoline engines, so widespread now, were not yet known, we decided the use of electricity for the motive force of the balloon."

"Renard devoted himself to the search for a very lightweight electrical source capable of developing the energy necessary for operating about 2 hours of a 10 HP motor. I took care of setting up the engine and all the mechanical parts that operate the propeller. This is how I was led to study electricity when this science was developing industrially." ^[1]

1882 - "In 1882, for the purpose of driving a dirigible balloon, which was then being investigated by the Ministry of War, I undertook the development of an internal combustion engine which was to use as a fuel the hydrogen which inflated the balloon. It was on this occasion that for the first time I thoroughly tackled a complete study of internal combustion engines." ^[4]

1884 - "It is thus in about 1884 I followed with great interest the construction of the small petrol motors of Mr Daimler."

Aerodynamic research: the Balloon shape

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Categories: Fluid dynamics, Aircraft wake turbulence

1883 - "M. Krebs had wooden models of various shapes made, which were successively tested in the pond of Chalais; these tests proved that in order to ensure consistent operation, it is necessary to give the mobile an asymmetrical shape. Thus the ovoid shape, proposed by Captain Krebs, was definitively adopted for the Chalais airship." ^[12]

1884 - "The evaluation of the energy required to maintain to the balloon a given speed was made in two ways:

"1° Starting from the data put forward by M. Dupuy de Lôme and appreciably verified by the experience of February 1872;

"2° By applying the formula accepted in the navy for passing from a known ship to another of very little different shapes and by admitting that, in the case of the balloon, the work is in the ratio of the densities of the two fluids." ^{[13] [14]}

• 
  1883 - "The Ampere on the Pond ". This electric boat was designed and built by A. C. KREBS to pull models of the airship La France and determine its aerodynamic shape (see above). ^[3]
• 
  1883 - A. C. KREBS: Wooden model of La France. This model of the airship La France was designed and built by Krebs to be pulled by the boat l'Ampère and to determine its aerodynamic shape. ^[3]
• 
  1882 - Machine for cutting balloon spindles designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1883 - A. C. KREBS takes a photo of the inside of the France balloon inflated with air.
• 
  1883-03-24 - A. C. KREBS to-do book: "Boat test in front of Mr. Dupuy-de-Lôme and Zédé". ^[3]
• 
  1883 - Henri Dupuy de Lôme (1816–1885): French naval architect.
• 
  1890 - M. Gustave Zédé (1825-1891): Engineer, son-in-law of Dupuy de Lôme.

Gondola beam

• 
  1884 - The design of the La France airship of Ch. RENARD & A. C. KREBS. ^[3]
• 
  1884 - A. C. KREBS poses in front of the aerial screw propeller of the airship La France, the construction method of which he designed and which he built himself. ^[3]
• 
  1884 - Airship “La France”: Plan of the gondola by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1884 - Airship “La France”: The gondola designed by A. C. KREBS.

A. C. KREBS piloted the first fully controlled free-flights

1884 - "The first ascent of the balloon "La France", which took place on August 9, 1884, and in which an aerostat described for the first time by its own means a closed curve while returning to its starting point, was the crowning of our work. We could not then claim to obtain an operating time exceeding 2 hours because of the weight of the engines. It was therefore only an interesting experience but without a future.

In fact, 15 years had to elapse before, thanks to the improvements brought by the automobile to gasoline engines, we could provide a balloon similar to "La France" with an engine light enough for Lebaudy balloons to remain in the air for 10 hours." ^[1]

• 
  1884 - Arthur Constantin KREBS portrait.
• 
  The 1884 Krebs & Renard first fully controllable free-flights with the La France electric airship near Paris (Krebs arch.).
• 
  1884-09-27 - Scientific-American: Renard & Krebs first fully controlled free-flight (from l'Illustration).
• 
  1884 - THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY: "the balloon returning each time to its point of departure, and attaining a speed of nearly fifteen miles an hour".
• 
  1884 - de Grilleau: "Captain Krebs forms a striking contrast with Captain Renard[...]. ^[2]
• 
  Commemorative portrait of the aeronauts Charles Renard, Dupuy de Lôme, and Arthur Krebs, inventors and military officers who collaborated for the success of the First fully controlled free-flight on August 9, 1884 at Chalais-Meudon near Paris.
• 
  1886 - A. C. KREBS & C. RENARD receive the Ponti Prize from the French Academy of Sciences: " for the progress made in air navigation." ^[15]
• 
  1884-08-23 - Victor Hugo - The direction of the balloons: "Is it the magnet that was helped by lightning To build a celestial skiff with air? " "
• 
  1886 - Jules VERNE says in his novel Robur the Conqueror: "It remained, then, even after the striking experiments of Captains Krebs and Renard, that though guidable aerostats had gained a little speed, they could not be kept going in a moderate breeze." ^[16]
• 
  1886 - Geranium "capitaine Krebs": "Fine, large, well-shaped trusses, cinnabar-crimson, white centre, extra".

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1884 - "The airship experience was over without leaving any hope of being able to do better in the short term. It was then that General Zédé, brother of Mr. Zédé, director of Naval Constructions, whom I had met through my father-in-law, suggested that I leave the Military Engineering Department, where I had no future, and to appoint myself to the Firefighters Regiment in Paris, whose capabilities were to be modified and improved to bring them up to the level of what existed abroad."

1885 - "Mr. Gustave Zédé, former Director of Naval Constructions and Administrator at the Société des Forges et Chantiers, had undertaken the study of a submarine on behalf of the Navy in 1885. This ship was to be propelled by an electric motor powered by accumulators, all of which had to be designed and built. He told me about his project and asked me to collaborate with him."

"The hull was built by the Arsenal at Toulon, and all the mechanical and electrical part had to be carried out in the shops of the Forges et Chantiers in Le Havre." ^[1]

The A. C. KREBS electric motor for the Gymnote submarine

"I accepted the offer with pleasure, although the conditions of construction of an electric machine of 50 hp at 200 rpm [required by Zédé] presented serious difficulties. In fact, completely new arrangements had to be made in order to accomodate the machine, accumulators and operating devices in a very limited space. At the request of the Minister of the Navy, I was authorized by the Minister of War to lend my assistance to the Navy while retaining my functions in the Regiment of Firefighters." ^[1]

• 
  1886-01-12 - Patent A. C. KREBS FR173487: "Two-brush collector for multipolar electric machines"
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  1888 - Plans for the A. C. KREBS multipolar electric motor for the GYMNOTE submarine.
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  1888 - The A. C. KREBS 16-pole electric motor for the "Gymnote" submarine.
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  1888 - Plans of the test workshop for the multipolar electric motor for the submarine GYMNOTE in Le Havre (France)
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  1888 - Tests of the A. C. KREBS multipolar electric motor for the submarine GYMNOTE in Le Havre (France).
• 
  1888 - A. C. KREBS electric motor inside the submarine GYMNOTE.
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  1889 - Gymnote submarine cutaway view with the A. C. KREBS electric motor in place.

Electric motor launch

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1887 - "A first experiment, consisting in propelling a Navy boat by means of a dynamo and accumulators, had first to be prepared to convince the Minister of the Navy of the possibility of the operation. This first experiment (1887) took place in Le Havre and was fully successful. Work for the submarine could then be undertaken." ^[1]

• 
  1887 - The navy electric boat. The metal hull and the electric motor designed by A. C. KREBS were built prior to the construction of the Gymnote submarine. ^[17]
• 
  1890 - M. Gustave Zédé (1825-1891): Engineer (Atelier Nadar).

The first fully functional submarine

"Years 1887 and 1888 were used for their execution. The assembly of the machines, tested beforehand in Le Havre where they gave complete satisfaction, took place in Toulon under the direction of Mr. Romazzotti, marine engineer in charge of the construction of the submarine "Le Gymnote"."

"In December 1888, I was sent to Toulon to attend the tests. The year 1889 was used to equip the submarine with special features to improve vision, and with an electric gyroscope, of which I am supplying the plans, to replace the compass which is indifferent when it is inside an iron shell."

"In December 1889 I witnessed new trials, quite conclusive, following which a larger ship was started, studied and built directly by the Naval Constructions." ^[1]

• 
  1888 - 1st version of the Gymnote submarine. A. C. KREBS holds the airing mast. ^[18]
• 
  1889 - A. C. KREBS & Jean REY periscope with toric lens for the french Gymnote submarine.
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  1889 - A. C. KREBS added an electric motor of his own to the Dumoulin manual marine gyroscope in order to give a gyrocompass to the submarine Gymnote.
• 
  1889 - Tests of the submarine Gymnote in the harbor of Toulon. ^[19]
• 
  1890 - Gymnote submarine: Forced a naval blockade in the harbor of Toulon using the gyroscope designed by A. C. KREBS. ^[20]
• 
  1895 - After the success of the Experimental Gymnote submarine, the large Gustave Zédé is built by the French Navy: here side by side in dryard in Toulon. ^[21]
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  1896 - Jules VERNE - "Facing the Flag": "It was conceded to be far superior to the Goubet, the Gymnote, the Zede".
• 
  1899 - Le Rire: the deputy wants to take a ride on the submarine Gymnote but he is too big.
• 
  1902 - The Gymnote submarine successfully torpedoed the battleship "Jaureguiberry" and the cruiser "Admiral Charner".

Transportable electric motor

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1885-1890 - "It was during this period that I studied a portable electric motor to power the drills used on ships under construction to drill holes in sheets which must then be riveted together. Likewise, electric motors operating the fans circulating the air in all parts of the ships etc." ^[1]

• 
  1885-03-18 - Electric motor transportable 60kgm - Plans by A. C.KREBS
• 
  1890 - Génie-Civil: The 15 cm CANET naval gun with electric pointing motors designed by A. C. KREBS. ^[22]
• 
  1893-05-20 - A. C.KREBS electric motor transportable for drilling

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  1888 - Pelurier de A. C. KREBS: dynamo of the Universal Exhibition of 1889.
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  1888 - The DURENNE & KREBS steam boiler from the 1889 Exhibition.
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  1890 - Compound steam engine and electric dynamo by A. C. KREBS from the 1889 Exhibition.
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  1889 - A. C. KREBS designed the steam engine and the dynamo which produced the lighting for the central dôme of the Galerie des Machines.
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  1889 - Paris Universal Exposition: Central Dôme of the Palais de l'industrie and Galerie des Machines.
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  Night party at the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition under the Eiffel Tower.
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  Panorama of the Champ de Mars, Paris Exposition, 1889 with the illuminated Eiffel Tower.
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  1889 - the Eiffel tower and the grounds of the Exposition Universelle on the Champs de Mars at night.
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  1889 - "Embrasement de la Tour Eiffel pendant l’Exposition universelle de 1889": painting by Georges Garen.
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  1889 - Exhibition of the Central Military Aerostation Establishment of Chalais-Meudon with the airship of Renard and Krebs.

1889 - For the Universal Exposition, A. C. KREBS:

• Is appointed member of the "Technical Committee of Machines".

• Organize fire safety throughout the Exhibition and took this opportunity to test the new fire alarm.

• Is appointed member of the organizing committee of the International Congress of Fire Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers.

• Design the DURENNE & KREBS Compound steam engine and the A. C. KREBS electric dynamo built by the Société des Forges et Chantiers of which Gustave Zédé is an administrator, produced the lighting for the central dome of the Galerie des Machines at the Universal Exposition at Paris in 1889, which inaugurates the Gustave EIFFEL's Tower.

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1884-1897 - "It would take too long to dwell on the work carried out during the 12 years (1885-1897) that I spent in this corps. After several study trips to the United States of America [1885 and 1895] and Europe [1884, 1885 and 1891], I was led to make proposals: but this time the task was not the same."

"The proposals were discussed in committees, and before they came to execution, they had to be made to triumph. I managed to get them accepted and the result was to completely transform the organization of the Fire Department as well as its equipment." ^{[1] [23]}

• 
  1891 - A. C. KREBS: portrait in firefighter uniform on the occasion of his 10 years of marriage and his appointment as Major Engineer in the Paris Fire Brigade Regiment.
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  1900 ~ Paris firefighters: "Rescue" as part of the reorganization led by A. C. Krebs
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  1900 ~ Paris firefighters: "The large scale" as part of the reorganization led by A. C. Krebs
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  1900 ~ Paris firefighters: "Ensemble maneuvers" as part of the reorganization led by A. C. Krebs
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  1900 ~ Paris firefighters: "central post" as part of the reorganization led by A. C. Krebs
• 
  1900 ~ Paris firefighters: "The gymnasium" as part of the reorganization led by A. C. Krebs ^[24]

DURENNE & KREBS steam fire pump

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  1888 - DURENNE & KREBS steam fire pump
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  1888 - DURENNE & KREBS steam fire pump
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  1888 - DURENNE & KREBS steam fire pump
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  1888 - DURENNE & KREBS steam fire pump
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  1892 - "Steam fire pump from the city of Paris (1888 model)" by MM. Durenne & Krebs.
• 
  1897 - Jean-François Durenne (1821-1909) alongside the Durenne & Krebs steam engine.
• 
  1900 ~ The Durenne & Krebs fire-fighting steam pump hitched to a horse-drawn carriage.
• 
  1903 - Automobile fire steam pump of the Paris firefighters using the DURENNE & KREBS steam boiler. ^{[25] [26] [27]}
• 
  1903 - Automobile fire steam pump of the Paris firefighters (schemas) using the DURENNE & KREBS boiler.

Study trips to Europe and America

1885-11-26 - New York Times: "Among the passengers of the French steamship Normandie, which sailed yesterday for Havre, were Rear-Admiral Baldwin, of the United States Navy ; A. Bartholdi, the sculptor ; Baron Hulot, Capt. Krebs, the Abbé Gaudin, Capt. Garcin, Martin Clerc, Ch. de Fréminville."

1895-09-10 - New York Times: "Three Frenchmen Who Will Study Methods Used in This Country: Three Frenchmen, Col. Varigault, Commandant Krebs, and Capt. Cordier, officers of the Paris Fire Department, arrived in this city on La Touraine Saturday last to begin a tour of the principal cities of the United States for the purpose of investigating the methods adopted in various Fire Departments."

1895-11-06- Quebec Morning Chronicle: "Chief Varigault, Commandant Krebs and Captain Cordier, of the Paris Fire Department, returned to New York yesterday after a two months’ tour of the United States and Canada for the purpose of inspecting the fire departments in the larger cities. Chief Varigault was seen this morning. He said:— “We have visited New York, Boston, Montreal, Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Pittsburg and Washington. We have been received everywhere with the greatest kindness and our trip has been a complete success. The New York Department is far ahead of any other we have seen in this country, both in equipment and discipline. Next I should name Boston, although Montreal is not far behind. Chicago and San Francisco are also good. But I can’t see how the Chicago Fire Department could fight a fire in one of her high buildings."

• 
  1885 - Route of the trip to America of Colonel Couston, captain-engineer A. C. Krebs of the Paris firefighters and his brother-in-law Charles de Fréminville, from October 3 to November 18, 1885
• 
  1895 - Route of the trip to America of Colonel Varigault, Commander Arthur Krebs and captain-engineer Cordier of the Paris firefighters from August to October 1895
• 
  1895-10-31 - Evening-Star (Washington): Col. Varigault, Commandant Krebs and Capitan Cordier "leaders among the friends of Cuban freedom in the south".
• 
  1895-11-18 - The_New-York herald Paris: "Changers for Paris firemen" (Colonel Varigault, Commander Arthur Constantin Krebs and Captain Cordier).

Fire alarm telephone

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• 
  1888 - A. C. KREBS telephone system for the fire department alarms of the city of Paris.
• 
  1888-07-27 - A. C. KREBS patent FR192070: "Closed magnetic field telephone system with equal concentric cylindrical section plates"
• 
  1892 - Col. Varigault:"In Paris, each of our public fire alarm is connected to an emergency center which, at the same time as the alarm is given, receives, using a [A. C. KREBS] telephone installed in the fire alarm itself, information on the nature of the disaster and the place where he declared." ^{[28] [29]}
• 
  1894-12-27 - Paris Firefighters Improvement Committee: plan of the distribution of fire alarm call boxes designed by A. C. KREBS

hydraulic air compressor

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• 
  1889 ~ Paris firefighters: The hydraulic air compressor designed by A. C. KREBS (patent FR196134).
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  1893 - Paris firefighters: The breathing helmet supplied with the hydraulic air compressor designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1900 ~ Paris Fire Brigade - The air compressor for 'a cellar fire' designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1900 - The electric lamp, the hydraulic compressor and fans designed by A. C. KREBS, the breathing helmet.
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  1913 - GLIMPSES OF FOREIGN FIRE-BRIGADES: "A PARIS SMOKE-HELMET.

Single valve pump theory

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• 
  1886-01 - While he was a major-engineer with the firefighters of Paris A. C. KREBS described the complete theory of the single-valve pump
• 
  1886 - A. C. KREBS as major engineer in the regiment of firefighters of the city of Paris studied the theory of the single valve pump.

Other Fire Apparatus

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Photos du matériel d'incendie à l'EXPOSITION de 1900 : https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6584731t/f367.image.r=krebs

• 
  1900 ~ The big fire ladder.
• 
  1900 ~ The big fire ladder in action.
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  1900 ~ Fire hoses in action
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  1900 ~ 1st harnessed start.
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  1900 ~ Fire hose reel.
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  1900 ~ Fire hose maintenance.
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  1895 ~ Paris firefighters: The hydraulic fan designed by A. C. KREBS will remain in use until 1935.

Fire intervention areas reorganization

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1889 - Improvement committee for Paris firefighters: "The areas of the perimeters each defended by a fire post are proportional to the square of the speeds with which these fire posts staff can be transported, and as an immediate and very important consequence, the number of fire post to be placed is inversely proportional to the square of these same displacement speeds. Thus, a transport system that could go twice as fast as another will require four times fewer fire posts to arrive at the same time." ^[30]

1896-05-20 - Accident at the Opera - A 625 kg counterweight from the deflector of the Paris Opera chandelier broke off in the middle of the show, fell 12m while crossing several levels and killed one person: "The version of Major Krebs, of the fire brigade, however, seems most likely: under the action of a contact current, the wires supporting the counterweight of the ventilation device heated up, became elastic and, each thread, having no more than the consistency of cooked macaroni, broke under the weight which it was charged to support. The wires of the cable have not been heated to fusion, but they are stretched and the sections are unevenly placed." ^[31] "By a bizarre coincidence, M. Garnier, the architect of the Opera, returned to Paris this morning. He attended the committee's deliberations." ^[32]

• 
  1881 - "Le Feu à Paris et en Amérique" by colonel Paris commanding the Paris fire brigade: map of fire protection in Paris before Arthur Constantin KREBS's reorganization plan: "The tinted parts are those which are incompletely protected today".
• 
  1889-02-28 - Improvement committee for Paris firefighters: map of the 24 intervention areas provided for in the KREBS plan for reorganizing fire-fighting services in Paris.
• 
  1903 Larousse encyclopedia: Arthur Constantin KREBS completely reformed the material and organization of the fire department of the city of Paris.
• 
  1923 Larousse encyclopedia: Arthur Constantin KREBS completely reformed the material and organization of the fire department of the city of Paris (cont.).
• 
  1894-04-28 "Victimes-du-devoir" sketch of a painting by Edouard Detaille which represents an intervention by the firefighters of Paris at the time of the reorganization of A.C. KREBS. The Durenne & Krebs pump is visible in the background. ^[33]
• 
  1896-05-20 - A 625 kg counterweight from the chandelier of the Paris Opera falls off in the middle of the show and kills a person. Gaston Leroux will take up this event in his book "The Phantom of the Opera".
• 
  1897-05-04 - The fire at the charity bazaar: "The Paris Fire Brigade arrive on the scene in barely ten minutes while human clusters emerge from the bazaar transformed into a blaze, by the only two access doors including the one on the left will quickly be blocked by bodies."
• 
  1900-03-08 - "Fire at the Théâtre-Français": the "Durenne and Krebs" fire pump (built by Weyher and Richemond) in operation.
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  1900-03-08 - "Fire at the Théâtre-Français": the large ladder "Gugumus and Krebs" in operation.

KREBS system car and Émile LEVASSOR

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1894 - the Paris-Rouen race: "I was present on the 18th of July, 1894, in the morning, at the starting of the automobile vehicles entered in the race of Le Petit Journal. The starting took place at La Porte Maillot. At least 20 vehicles reported to start." ^[4]

1896 - "Around 1894 appeared the first motor cars powered by gasoline engines. Automobile locomotion having already struck my imagination from the point of view of its application to the Fire Department, I got a small engine from the Panhard & Levassor company to study it thorowghly and built in the fire department workshop a small experimental car whose speed changes were obtained by magnetic clutches [patented in 1896]. I had conseived of this arrangement to avoid the brutal shocks that the gears undergo when changing gear, a solution that seemed barbaric to me." ^[1]

• 
  1896 - A. C.KREBS automobile patent drawing.
• 
  1896 - A. C.KREBS automobile patent (FR256344).
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  1896 - Electromagnetic gearbox from Krebs's car English patent (GB189619774A).
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  1896 - A. C.KREBS automobile Belgian patent (BE124538).
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  1896 - Voiture système Krebs at the Bois de Boulogne, Paris. Inventor A. C. KREBS at the steering lever.
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  1896 - A. C. KREBS introduced the caster angle in the automobile steering technology.
• 
  1882-1898 – A. C. KREBS introduced the French artillery metallic wheel hubs into the world automotive technology. ^[34]
• 
  1899 - Panhard-Levassor: artillery wheel of C. S. Rolls' car designed by A. C. KREBS. ^[35]
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  1899 - Panhard-Levassor: artillery wheel axle stub of C. S. Rolls' car designed by par A. C. KREBS. ^[35]
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  1913 - The steering stability: "the Caster angle".
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  1896-09-03 - Émile Levassor (1843-1897) acquired the licence of the Krebs system car patent.
• 
  René Panhard (1841-1908).

The 1896 Krebs car system introduced in car design (FR256344, GB189619774A, BE124538):

• The general three point suspension system (engine and chassis):

"Since we know that 3 points suffice to determine a plane." ^[36]

"To these sides [of the frame of the car] I fix or suspend at three points provided with pivoted joints, the motor mechanism which is thereby placed out of the influence of the deformations to which the frame of the car is liable to be subjected during the motion."

• The electromagnetic constant mesh gear box:

"I had imagined this arrangement to avoid the brutal shocks that the gears undergo when changing gear, a solution that seemed barbaric to me."

• The speed shifting at the steering device:

"For the purpose of operating the electro-magnetic clutch, I employ a commutator arranged preferably under the handle bar and adapted to be operated in such a manner as to establish, according to five different positions, the electrical connections that correspond respectively to: rest ; forward movement at low speed ; forward movement at medium speed ; forward movement at high speed ; and movement in the rearward direction."

• The damped steering and the rack and pinion steering gear:

"Upon the turntable of the fore-carriage is fixed a toothed sector in which engages a pinion mounted on the upper turntable and whose axle carries a toothed wheel situated in a box connected by two tubes to the box of the car. A second toothed wheel mounted on the steering spindle is connected to the first one by means of a chain passing through thses two tubes. Elastic rods, consisting for example of coiled springs, are substituted for the links of the chain in the straightportions of the said tuges. By this means the chain is always taut and the springs neutralize the vibrations transmitted to the chain by the jolting of the fore-carriage and so prevent the said vibrations from being transmitted to the steering spindle."

• The forward (positive) caster angle on the steering axis:

"To ensure the stability of direction by the means of a special arrangement of the fore-carriage, that is to say, to re-establish automatically the parallélism of the two axles of the vehicle when there is no tendancy to keep them in any other direction, or after a temporary effort has caused them to diverge from said parallélism ; [...] The axle of the fore-carriage is situated behind the projection of the axis of the pivot pin in order to ensure the stability of direction above referred to [of a quantity which can vary from 1/7 to 1/8 of the distance which separates the points of contact of the two front wheels with the ground (FR256344)]." (GB189619774A)

• The French artillery wheel with metallic wheel hub system: see above.

1896 - Émile LEVASSOR to A. C KREBS: "You would kindly give us permission to use your wheel hub system for which, since you say it is very good, it might be worth patenting." (see above)

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1900 - The controversy over ball bearings: "Panhard and Levassor, the celebrated French automobile constructors, made elaborate experiments with ball bearings under working conditions and arrived at the conclusion that ball bearings gave no gain [...] Undoubtedly the experiments of Panhard and Levassor were made with faulty forms of ball bearings". ^[37]

1896-09-03 - Emile LEVASSOR buys the license of the automobile car patent (FR256344, GB189619774A, BE124538) from A. C. KREBS with an electromagnetic gearbox, three-point suspension, caster angle and other inventions. ^[38]

1896-12-22 - Emile Levassor to Gottlieb Daimler: "For the car with electric gear changes [...] by seeing this car alone you can be sure that you will see much more than what you have seen in England in your various trips." ^[39]

Three point suspension system

1888 - Steam fire pump from the city of Paris (1888 model) by MM. Durenne & Krebs: "The mechanism is connected to the chassis by three points with the interposition of an elastic material allowing the deformation of the chassis without distorting the parts of the assembly. The boiler is also fixed at three points only." ^[40]

1896 - The three point suspension system generalized (engine and chassis) on the Krebs system car (see above).

1898 - The Voiture Clément Panhard (VCP): see below.

1901 - Patent of the gearbox suspended by three points (see below).

Vehicle's Steering-Systems

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In 1898 Krebs replaced the tiller with an inclined steering wheel for the Panhard et Levassor car he designed for the Paris-Amsterdam race which ran from the 7 to 13 July 1898. Fernand Charron won that race on a four cylinders Panhard et Levassor.

In this car he also introduced the irreversible steering in the automotive btechnology.

• 
  1896-1903 A.C.KREBS Steering Systems: the electromagnetic gearbox and the speed controls on the steering wheel.
• 
  1913 - The A. C. KREBS "irreversible screw steering".

Electric Fire Van

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1899 - French Electric Fire Department Wagon: "Paris firemen have also lately been out making successful experiments with the automotor constructed especially for the fire service, after the plans of Colonel Krebs". ^[41]

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  1899 - Electric van (front face) of the Paris Fire Brigade designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1899 - Electric van (back side) of the Paris Fire Brigade designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1899 - The electric fire van designed by A. C. KREBS in pathfinding with arc lamps.
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  1899 - "The Horseless Fire Engine By Captain Cordier - French Electric Fire Department Wagon".

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Krebs succeeded Levassor as Panhard et Levassor's general manager from 1897 to 1916. He transformed the Panhard et Levassor company into one of the largest and most profitable automobile manufacturers before World War I.

"At the beginning of 1897 [in fact the 1896/09/03] ^[38] I showed my completed working car to Mr. Levassor. He was greatly struck by it and asked me to allow him to put several into production in his workshops and to kindly supervise their manufacture. ^[38] Two months later, Mr. Levassor died suddenly. His partner, Mr. Panhard, transformed his association into a limited company and asked me to take charge of it." ^[1]

Emile Levassor acquired the license of this electromagnetic gearbox in 1896 and Panhard & Levassor built it at least until 1903.

"The automotive industry was in its infancy, its future was not in doubt and the Panhard & Levassor company held the lead. Encouraged by the success of my previous work and my personal tastes, I did not hesitate to accept and abandon the military career to enter the industry." ^[1]

"I have known Mr. Daimler in 1897, when I went to visit him at Cannstadt, Germany, in October. In the house he lived in he showed me the laboratory and shop where he had studied and first built his little engine, then the first vehicle on which he made his first trials." ^[4]

Racing cars

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"The eraly days were not without difficulty. It was first necessary to enlist the support of a very tight technical team possessive of their experience. A few improvements which I immediately introduced to certain mechanical components leading to the success of the company's 4 cars in the "Paris-Amsterdam" race (arriving first at every stage), the following year earned me the confidence of the staff." ^[1]

• 
  1898 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 8cv 4cyl - Paris-Amsterdam. ^[3]
• 
  1899 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 12cv Paris-Bordeaux. ^[3]
• 
  1899 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 8cv 4cyl 80x120 1000rpm. ^[3]
• 
  1900 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 16cv Tour de France. ^[3]
• 
  1900 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 20cv Paris-Toulouse. ^[3]
• 
  1901 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 10cv light - Paris-Bordeaux. ^[3]
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  1901 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 40cv Paris-Berlin. ^[3]
• 
  1901 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 40cv Paris-Berlin. ^[3]
• 
  1902 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 10cv light. ^[3]
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  1902 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 60cv with transverse front spring. ^[3]
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  1903 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 70cv Paris-Madrid. ^[3]
• 
  1903 - A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 70cv Paris-Madrid - view of the engine. ^[3]
• 
  1903 ~ A. C. KREBS racing car photo album: 40cv. ^[3]

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1898 - Paris-Amsterdam-Paris race - First improvements:

• The wheel steering

• The irreversible steering with the worm and sector steering gear

• The forward caster angle on the steering axis

• The tires

1904 - The 1st Vanderbilt Cup in New York won by George Heath on Panhard & Levassor: Panhard race cars in New-York.

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  1901 - Maurice Farman, winner of the Grand Prix du Sud-Ouest in February 1901 on a Panhard.
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  1902 - Maurice Farman, winner of the 'Circuit du Nord' in may 1902 on a Panhard.
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  1902 - Maurice Farman, fifth at the Paris-Vienna race on a Panhard.
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  1904 - Gordon Bennett Cup: Henri Farman on Panhard 100 hp.
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  1904 - George Heath (N°7), winner of the first Vanderbilt Cup on Panhard, at the Manhattan Circuit.^[42]
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  1904 - Video: Automobile race for the Vanderbilt Cup in New-York.
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  1905 - Caricature of the American racing driver George Heath on Panhard & Levassor.
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  1905 - The 120hp Panhard-Levassor with cardan transmission car in the Gordon-Bennett race.
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  1894-1905 - History of the automobile (Pierre Souvestre): "Main Panhard victories from 1894 to 1905". ^[43]
• 
  1908 - Henry Farman, George Heath and Henri Cissac at the 1908 French Grand Prix at Dieppe on 120CV Panhard race cars.
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  1908 - Video: the engine of the Grand Prix Panhard & Levassor racing car designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1908 - Video: the Grand Prix Panhard & Levassor racing car designed by A. C. KREBS.

"During my 18 years in charge, I can only praise the devoted support of all my colleagues, I have always found willing to assist me to carry out changes or new provisions introduced in the mechanical organs of cars.

It is unnecessary to recall them here in detail. Those that I am happy to point out because they have given me great personal satisfaction are:

• Engine balancing;

• the automatic carburetor making it possible to vary the speed of the engine and to give it a flexibility that the all-or-nothing adjustment did not allow;

• Dynamometer brake for testing high-speed engines, measuring the work on the shaft according to the Prony formula, recovering approximately 90% of the energy produced in electrical form, etc." ^[1]

Engine balancing

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"Krebs carburetor"

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The Krebs carburetor can be said the first automatic carburetor (1902 patent) and the first diaphragm carburetor (1908 patent).

1906 - "At the present time we are not sufficiently in possession of the factors that would enable us to fully understand the reasons why it is possible to transform into work only a very small part of the heat developed in the combustion from which we are trying to realize work." ^[44]

• 
  1902-11-24 – The KREBS carburetor theory: By allowing the combustion engine to develop its power according to the number of its revolutions, the KREBS carburetor enabled it in 1902 to win the battle against electric and steam engines. ^[45]
• 
  1903-02-14 - Scientific-American: "The Krebs automatic carbureter for gasoline engines".
• 
  1910 - Motor Age: The 1908 Krebs carburetor with "metering pin" is "in vogue" in the US. ^[46]
• 
  1915 - Motor-Age Longuemare advertisement: "In 1903 Krebs played a joke on the automobile industry".
• 
  1913 - The A. C. KREBS double-barrel carburetor.

1903 - The automobile: "The object gained is a constant degree of carburation at all speeds, each active piston stroke developing the same amount of power, and the total power of the motor consequently is directly proportional to its speed. Also, carburation can be kept at its lowest possible limits, and it is perfectly automatic and independent of variations in the atmospheric temperature. The carburation is always good. The usual dash-board adjustment for additional air and a special hot-air feed are not needed: the warming of the mixing chamber with the motor jacket water maintains a constant temperature. The motor can be run at a very low speed without lowering its efficiency. For instance, as the Automotor Journal states the case, if the change-speed lever is put on the third speed, which ordinarily might give a speed of 50 km. (31 miles) per hour, and it is desired to run at only onetifth of that speed, the speed of the motor is reduced to one-fifth, say from 1,000 to 200 revolutions per minute; of course, the total output is diminished, but the power of each stroke remains the same. The new Krebs carburetter, then, goes far to supplying one of the chief needs of the petrol motor — flexibility." ^[47]

1913/05/26 - Panhard & Levassor Management Committee: " The United States is asking to purchase our 1903 carburetor patent, which is still valid for 5 years. We send 2 proposals: 1° Sale of the patent for $ 10,000, 2nd License for cash $ 2000, plus $ 1 per carburetor."

^[48]

1919 - "In the early days of the 20th century, Krebs, a French engineer, invented what may be termed the first automatic carbureter in which the mixture was regulated automatically by the speed of the engine ; flexibility being thus obtained to an extent hitherto undreamed of. This invention paved the way for, and inspired, a vast number of others of greater or less merit [...] The Krebs type can today be considered the simplest form of carbureter which operates satisfactorily and there are several different models now manufactured based on the principle of the auxiliary air valve only. In these the problem is worked out in different ways. [...] While they all differ in the details of working out the design they are, nevertheless, based on the basic principle of the auxiliary air valve as originally worked out by Krebs." ^[49]

See below: [[Arthur_Constantin_Krebs#Carburators A. C. KREBS carburetors patents].

Dynamometric brake

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1905-11-13 - To the French Académie des sciences: "On a dynamometric brake intended for the measurement of the power of motors, which allows the use, in electrical form, of most of the work developed".

• 
  1905 - La Revue Industrielle: The A. C. KREBS dynamo-dynamometer at Panhard & Levassor.
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  1907 - the A. C. KREBS dynamo-dynamometer: "the Panhard & Levassor 24HP 4cyl motor "connected to brake and dynamo in the testing room". ^[50]
• 
  1909 - MOTOR-AGE: Sketch of electric cradle dynamometer: "Commander Krebs appears to have been one of the earliest users of the cradle dynamometer". ^[51]
• 
  Today - Many brakes & torque meters use the principles of Krebs dynamometric brake.

"Voiture Clément-Panhard (VCP)" and Adolphe CLEMENT

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1900 - La voiturette Krebs (Panhard & Levassor)

• 
  1899 - Adolphe Clément-Bayard (1855-1928).
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  1899-05-06 - THE-AUTOCAR: "The light Panhard car". The Voiture Clément-Panhard (VCP) is the mechanical version of the electromagnetic constant mesh gearbox of the A. C. KREBS system car.
• 
  1900 - Photo of the VCP engine block: "The Voiturette Clément-Panhard created by Commander Krebs has the same basic qualities as the big cars built in the factory run by this learned engineer."
• 
  1900 - Mr Herbert Farthing collected his Clément-Panhard (VCP) from the docks at Southampton. ^[52]
• 
  1901 - "Cycles Automobiles Clément" - advertisement for the Clément-Panhard Car (Panhard & Levassor patents) designed by A. C. KREBS. ^[53]
• 
  1901 - Voiture-Clément-Panhard (VCP): Complete user manual and new bodywork.
• 
  1901 - Advertising postcards for the Voiture Clément-Panhard (VCP): "What are they waiting for? Ah! it can only be a … Clément-Panhard car".
• 2004 - 1899 Panhard et Levassor - the Clément-Panhard Car (VCP) from A. C. KREBS: "a mechanical nightmare". ^[52]
• 
  1898-1902 - The Voiture Clément-Panhard (VCP): complete article.

Automobile handling

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"The question of steering is one that I have taken up towards the end of 1897, as soon as I had acquired a sufficient knowledge of the operation and of the organization of the Panhard & Levassor business. This new P&L steering device was not anything else but an adaptation of means already known and used since a very long time for the same object." ^[4]

As for automobile handling A. C. KREBS promote:

• 1900 - The exterior Ackermann quadrilateral of Panhard & Levassor
• 1900 - The irreversible steering
• 1898 - A. C. KREBS implements his solutions in racing cars: Paris-Amsterdam-Paris race.

Paris Universal Exposition of 1900

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• 
  1900 - Paris Exposition: aerial view, Paris, France.
• 
  1900 - Historical images of Place de la Concorde.
• 
  1900 - The Rolling Platform which is thirty feet above head with steel rails supported by scaffolding.
• 
  1900 - The moving walkway: the two left platforms were moving at different speeds.
• 1900 - Video: Compiled footage of the Paris Exhibition comprised of surviving reels.
• 
  1900 - Hall of Machines: the French Section.
• 
  1900 - Paris Fire Brigade - Electric fire vans designed by A. C. KREBS. ^[54]
• 
  1900 - The Eiffel Tower illuminated.
• 
  1900 - Balloon races in Vincennes.
• 
  1905 - La 628-E8: first automobile raids.

During the 1900 Exposition A.C. KREBS is:

• Member of the Scientific Aerostation commission (Classe 34, Groupe VI)
• Member of the Committee for the Study of Fire Safety Measures
• Member of the Physical Exercises Commission: Automotive (Section VII)
• Member of the Commission for International Automobile Competitions
• Secretary of the General mechanical materials and processes commission jury (Classe 20, group IV): Panhard & Levassor standout
• Member of the motorboat competition jury
• licenses the Lohner-Porsche petroleum-electric car patent.
• Member of the International Automobile Congress of 1900 and 1903
• Appointed officer of the Legion of Honor.

Metallurgical research with Ch. de FREMINVILLE

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"In 1898, I took with me, to assist me, my brother-in-law Mr. Charles de Fréminville, engineer of Arts and Manufactures, who took care more specifically of the administrative part of the workshops, the organization of work, the selection and treatment of metals used in manufacturing, etc." ^[1]

"He had to make his selection among metals which were then new and the qualities and defects of which were little known and often misunderstood. The construction and operation of the automobile brought about, a new conception of the resistance of materials." ^[55]

• 
  1905 - Henry FORD: "I thought the foreign cars had smaller and better parts than we knew anything about. After the wreck [of a Panhard racing car] I picked up a little valve strip stem [made with vanadium]. It was very light and very strong." ^[56]
• 
  1906 - TEST OF A PANHARD GEAR: "It soon came to pass that American motor car engineers commenced to wonder why, in a foreign car, a given part would serve perfectly while in an American car the same sized part, doing identical work, would deform". [...] ^[57]
• 
  1913 - While in the United States to study the Taylor method, Ch. de Fréminville to his wife:"All these people [the Packard factory in Detroit] slavishly copied the parts that Arthur [KREBS] designed, and executed them with the metals that I chose". [...] ^[58]
• 
  1919 - Charles de Fréminville (1856-1936): this portrait was executed by an American photographer during his trip to the United States as part of his research on the Taylor method, shortly after his departure from the Panhard & Levassor factories where he had worked since 1899 with his brother-in-law A. C. KREBS
• 
  2009 - 'A HISTORY OF THE FRACTOGRAPHY OF BRITTLE MATERIALS' (G. Quinn): Chronology with Charles de Fréminville when he worked at Panhard & Levassor with his brother-in-law A. C. KREBS

1904 - The brittleness of steel (H. Le Chatelier): "Mr. De Fréminville discovered this peculiarity that, after being subjected to a certain heat treatment, certain special steels required to be broken transversally by impact, an amount of energy much greater than that required in the ordinary tensile tests." ^[59]

1913-04-04 - Ch. de Fréminville to his wife: "I realized the project I had made to mold the hole made by a bullet in the bay window of General Healey's building [in New York]. General Healey pointed out to me that it had the same on almost all the bay windows in his building. There's a lot to choose from. Yesterday I went to stock up on plaster from an Italian. What a neighborhood! It's just a stone's throw from the upscale neighborhood and it's not a badly-reputed neighborhood. My molding was admirably successful. I thought there was going to be a considerable crowd behind the bay window while I operated in shirt sleeves - like a good American. And all these people didn't know what they were looking at and would never have looked at a fracture. Luckily two steam [fire] pumps passed in quick succession. All these admirers abandoned me." ^[58]

1915 - ^[60]

Chevalier légion d'honneur

• 1899: Laboratoire de mécanique et laboratoire de chimie

• 1900: Essais de résistance des aciers durs aux chocs

• 1901-06-03 - L'acier au nickel

• 1902: cylindres en acier forgé

• L'acier au vanadium

• L'acier au cobalt (stellite)

Motorboats & Racing boats with Alphonse TELLIER

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1895 - A. C. KREBS has been the main promoter of motorboating in Europe as soon as 1895. ^[61]

1903-12 - Automobile Magazine: "Where speed wins out: As an excellent example of the new type of water racer take the Lutece".^[62]

1904-02-27_10_The-Automobile='Auto Boats at the Sportsmen’s Show.':

The Panhard boat furnishes the same tune in its engines as in automobiles. When running, the four-cylinder motor throbs with that rythmic sound so soothing to the motorist.

• 
  1900 - Industrial uses of alcohol: the PHENIX launch with Panhard & Levassor motor designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1901 - Yachting-gazette: the motorboat "Rolla V" with Panhard & Levassor engine designed by A. C. KREBS. ^[63]
• 
  1902-05-20 - A. C. KREBS at the rudder of the Centaure racing boat with Panhard & Levassor engine. ^[64]
• 
  1902 - A. C. KREBS system variable pitch propeller: US766953A, GB190316555A.
• 
  1902 - Scientific American: "Rollo" launch with Panhard & Levassor motor. ^[65]
• 
  1903 - Four views of the motorboat Vingt et Un Ist in New-York while A. C. KREBS was managing the Panhard & Levassor Co. ^[66]
• 
  1904 - PANHARD II: "A complete French auto boat equipment in an American hull." ^[67]
• 
  1904 - The Rapée III with Panhard & Levassor engines at the motorboat races in Juvisy.
• 
  1905 - Video: The motor-boat PANHARD II participating in nautical races in America. ^[68]
• 
  1905 - The 6-cylinder Panhard-Levassor petrol marine engine 150HP for racingboats.
• 
  1905 - La Vie Au Grand Air - The launchs "Panhard & Levassor" and "Rapière I" in Monaco.
• 
  1906 - Automobile Locomotion: the racing boat “La Rapière I”.
• 
  1907 - Le Monde Illustré: the racing boats Panhard-Tellier I and La Rapière II in Monaco with Panhard & Levassor engines.
• 
  1907-1908 - The Alphonse Tellier glider La Rapière III with a Panhard & Levassor engine designed by A. C KREBS.
• 
  1908 - 1st lap of the Panhard-Tellier la Rapière III glider in Monaco.
• 
  1909 - Pall Mall illustration: The "Panhard & Levassor" (35 mi/h) in Monaco.
• 
  1910 - Alphonse Tellier (1879-1929).
• 
  1913 - Monaco: the hydroplane MOTOCRATIC with 2x8cyl. 75kmh Panhard & Levassor designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1914 - La Vie Au Grand Air : The Panhard-Tellier II racer. 2 Panhard & Levassor 12cyl. engines: 24cyl, 1400hp.

1902 - The variable pitch propeller system A. C. KREBS:

Hybrid motorcar with Ferdinand PORSCHE

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1900/07/07 - A. C. KREBS file the patent FR301991: "Electromagnetic regulator for admission-valves of hydrocarbon-motors" (US691638, GB190016291).

1900/10 - At the Paris Exposition Universelle A. C. KREBS remarks the Lohner-Porsche "Semper vivus" hybrid car and acquire for Panhard & Levassor the wheel hub electric motor patent (GB190018099) license for France, Great-Britain and Italy.^[69]

1903/01/24 Scientific-american - The Panhard et Levassor Lohner-Porsche system: "... the most novel of all, being a Lohner-Porsche, 28 horse power, gasoline-electric tonneau car, with electric motors in the hubs of the front wheels, which also steer the machine. A gasoline motor direct-connected with a dynamo furnishes power for generating electricity to run the car, any superfluous current being sent into a storage battery, which supplies extra power as it is needed. The car is said to have 14 different speeds, the maximum of which is 48 miles per hour. This system has been so successful that the Panhard Company has purchased the patents and is making machines". ^[70]

• 
  Ferdinand porsche (1875-1951).
• 
  1900 - The "Semper Vivus" hybrid car seen by A. C. KREBS during the Paris Exposition Universelle. Krebs acquired the Patent license for Panhard & Levassor.
• 
  1903-01 - "A 15-HP Lohner-Porsche petrol-electric car" with Panhard & Levassor engine and the KREBS "Electromagnetic regulator for admission-valves" (patent US691638). ^[71]

Automotive Technology

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Engine

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In 1900, A. C. KREBS designed the Centaure engine with the aim of freeing itself from the royalties owed to Mme Levassor on the Daimler engine.

In 1909, he became interested in the Knight patent (sleeve valve engine) and was first in France to build that type of engine which Panhard et Levassor would produce during the thirty years leading up to World War II.

• 
  1895 - The Daimler-Maybach Panhard-Phenix engine. ^[72]
• 
  1898 - "The KREBS engine" with intake regulation before the appearance of the butterfly valve.
• 
  1900 - Panhard & Levassor "Centaure" motor patent (FR302402 , GB190200673A ) designed par A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1901 - " Centaure" engine from Panhard & Levassor designed by A. C. KREBS.^[73]
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  1901 - The A. C. KREBS "engine three points suspension system".
• 
  1903 - The Panhard & Levassor 3 cyl. engine designed by A. C. KREBS. ^[74]
• 
  1905 - The Panhard & Levassor lightweight Centaure engine designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1910 - The Panhard & Levassor valveless engine chain driven designed by A. C. KREBS from the Knight patent.
• 
  1910 - Panhard & Levassor valveless engine "distribution plan".
• 
  1911 - FR440438A: The valveless engine patent of A. C. KREBS for Panhard & Levassor.
• 
  1912 - Panhard & Levassor valveless engine "splash lubrication".
• 
  1912 - 18 HP 6-cyl. Panhard & Levassor.
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  1912 - 12 HP the first A. C. KREBS "Motor block".
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  1913 - 28-35 HP 6-cyl. Panhard & Levassor.

Carburetors

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See above: The [[Arthur_Constantin_Krebs#The_Krebs_carburetor Krebs carburetor].

1900 - Automobile Magazine: Alcohol in Automobile Practice: "In December, at the instance of the Society for the Industrial Utilization of Alcohol, M. Krebs, of the Panhard et Levassor Company, experimented with a three horse-power Phoenix auto mobile, the only alteration being the widening of the opening to the carbureter. With the Dusart alcohol 4.2 horse-power was developed, and with ordinary 95 per cent. alcohol 3.6 horse- power; with benzine at full speed, 4.4 horse-power. According to Araschaquene it would be sufficient to abolish the tax on alcohol in order to cause it to replace benzine". ^[75]

1916 – Panhard & Levassor catalog: "We have adopted on all our engines a carburetor based on an entirely new principle of automaticity, which rigorously doses the mixture at all speeds and offers the advantage of no longer having any intake additional air, no moving parts. The rubber membrane of our old models is thereby eliminated. In our 20 HP and 35 HP engines, the carburetor is double and controlled by two accelerator pedals. The ordinary accelerator pedal ensures walking in town and at medium speeds, while the second pedal, actuated with the left foot, brings into play the second carburetor which is added to the first to provide very high speeds, and at this time to provide additional lubrication."

Ignition

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1903 - "Panhard & Levassor firm has a new method of distributing or directing the current successively to the induction coils of a multicylinder motor."

Clutches

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Gearbox and transmission

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The Panhard Type of Gearbox is enhanced by A. C. KREBS.

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  1901-07 - Automobile Magazine: "Transmission gears of some European cars - the Panhard system".
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  1913 - The Panhard & Levassor "single-plate clutch and gearbox".
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  1913 - The 35HP Panhard & Levassor "double disc clutch".
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  1913 - The Panhard & Levassor "differential with bevel satellites and conical couple".
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  1913 - The Panhard & Levassor "differential with straight satellites and conical couple".
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  1917 - The Original Panhard transmission: "It came into nearly universal use in the United States by the 1920's for cars, trucks and buses."

Brakes

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• 
  The 1898 Krebs double-acting brake on the differential axle.
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  1913 - The Panhard & Levassor "double brake on rear wheels".

Lubrication

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Steering and Suspension

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Flexible couplings

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First A. C. KREBS research on flexible couplings:

The single disc coupling

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1909 - The single disc coupling: "The device in question is substantially as follows: The ends of the shafts to be joined, facing each other, are provided with circular or cylindrical extended portions to which is secured alternately a membrane of suitable shape, of strong and flexible material such as leather, flexible fiber, suitably woven and prepared canvas or any other similar material. The dimensions of the said widened portions and the number of the points at which the material used for effecting the connection indicated is secured to them are in proportion to the strain to be transmitted."

• 
  1909 - first FLECTOR patent US976187A "Device for coupling two transmission-shafts".
• 
  1933 PEUGEOT advertising: "the steering FLECTOR joint" invented by A. C. KREBS (patent 1910-11-22 US976187A).
• 
  1937 - Automobile course: "Deformation joints are the Flectors. They consist of a stack of discs made of thin sheet steel, rubberized canvas or leather, on which are bolted forks with two or three branches carried by the shafts."
• Video: The single Disk Coupling (with metal disc) invented by A.C. KREBS is universally used today.

The Tire elastomeric coupling

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1911 - The FLECTOR joint: "In our models 10, 12 and 16 HP Tourism, the universal joint is constituted by the elastic device which we call "Flector" and which, formed of canvas and rubber, allows the relative displacement of the shafts without friction, without wear and without noise. Its adoption gives the car equipped with it a very smooth drive, and it does not require any maintenance."^[78]

• 
  1911 - FLECTOR patent US1107315A Flexible joint for coupling two transmission shafts.
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  1913 - The FLECTOR joint on the 10hp Panhard & Levassor: "no friction, no wear, no noise, no lubrication"
• 
  The flexible FLECTOR joint invented by A. C. KREBS (patent US1107315A) is universally used today under the name of Tire coupling (Video).

Trucks and industrial engines

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  1903 - Industrial uses of alcohol: Panhard & Levassor truck.
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  1904 - Panhard & Levassor: 3cyl stationary engine designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1906 - Panhard & Levassor - Industrial motor-pump unit.
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  1907 - Panhard & Levassor truck at the industrial vehicle competition.
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  1908 - Panhard & Levassor trucks catalog.
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  1910 - Panhard & Levassor engine group: "Motive force and light". ^[79]
• 
  1910 - The Panhard & Levassor generator and the industrial engine.
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  1911 - Prototype of the Châtillon-Panhard heavy artillery tractor, all wheel drive and all wheel steering.
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  1913 - Panhard & Levassor: Delivery van.
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  1913 - The 16HP van chassis Panhard & Levassor: "engine block and swing axle".
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  1914-1918 - Panhard & Levassor: K15 truck.
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  1918 - Motor-age: The Panhard Truck Built for Durability. ^[80]

Woodworking machines

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• 
  1889 - Panhard & Levassor: "Large band saw for metal cutting" at the Paris universal exposition.
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  1905 - Panhard & Levassor managed by A. C. KREBS - Wood working machine tools and Band Saws.
• 
  1906 - Panhard & Levassor managed by A. C. KREBS - Catalog of woodworking machine-tools for car wheels.
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  1906 - Panhard & Levassor managed by A. C KREBS: Catalog of woodworking machine-tools - band saws.
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  1915 - Advertisement in America for Périn band-saws manufactured in Paris by the Panhard & Levassor works managed by A. C. KREBS.

Other patents

Aviation

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1910 - Aircraft: "On June 14th. among the visitors to the Farman School at Buc, was Commandant Krebs, the director of the Panhard-Levassor firm. He was taken for a lenthy trip by Mr. Maurice Farman, who afterwards carried M. Defly, an engineer of the Panhard firm."

The 1909 engine of Tellier's monoplane

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Alphonse Tellier (constructeur aéronautique)

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  1909 - The Panhard & Levassor aviation engine with concentric valves designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1910 - Dubonnet flies over Paris on a Tellier plane with a Panhard & Levassor engine designed by A. C. KREBS.
• 
  1910 - Theodore Roosevelt watching Dubonnet fly to Issy on Tellier plane with Panhard & Levassor engine.
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  1910 - A. C. KREBS (left) and Emile DUBONNET (1882-1950) after crossing Paris on a Tellier plane with the Panhard & Levassor engine designed by KREBS.
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  1910 - Modified Tellier aircraft: the Panhard & Levassor engine with concentric valves designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1910 - Dubonnet wins the LA NATURE prize on a Tellier monoplane powered by Panhard & Levassor, whose engine is designed by A. C. KREBS (by GAMY).
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  1911 - Monoplanes and biplanes: The Tellier monoplane powered with the Panhard & Levassor concentric valves engine designed by A. C. KREBS.

Aircraft engines

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1902 - Wilbur Wright to Octave Chanute: "I also enclose a letter from France which I take to be from Capt. Krebs, though my acquaintance with foreign customs of signing names leaves me in some doubt as to who it is from. Can you enlighten me?" ^[81]O. Chanute to W. Wright: "I return the French letter, which is from Commandant Krebs, formerly associated with Colonel Renard." ^[82]

• 
  1909 - Obre biplane with Panhard & Levassor 60hp engine designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1909 - Panhard & Levassor 100hp engine designed by A. C. KREBS for the Voisin-Bolotoff aircraft.
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  1909 - Panhard & Levassor 120hp engine designed by A. C. KREBS on the Henry FARMAN biplane.
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  1909 - 1st Air Locomotion Exhibition: the concentric valve engine designed by A. C. KREBS on the Panhard & Levassor stand.
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  1910-11-01 - The Revue de l'Aviation in Paris - Exhibition of aircraft manufacturers.
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  1912 - Panhard & Levassor V8 100HP aviation engine designed by A. C. KREBS.
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  1915 - Panhard & Levassor V12J aviation engine of the Glisseur Tellier designed by A. C. KREBS.

Helicopters with Gustave PLAISANT

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1912 - Gustave PLAISANT: "During fixed-point tensile tests that I recently carried out on a cycloidal thruster at the Laboratoire des Etablissements Panhard et Levassor with the gracious authorization of Commander Krebs, I was led to study different combinations of propellers [...]." ^[83]

• 
  1912 - Académie des Sciences - Aeronautics: "On a cycloidal air attack mode by M. Gustave PLAISANT."
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  1912 - L'Aérophile: helicopter tests in the laboratory of the Panhard & Levassor factory by Gustave PLAISANT with the help of Arthur Constantin KREBS

The SELDEN Trial with Henry FORD

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In 1906 A. C. KREBS traveled to the United States to testify in the Selden case in which Panhard & Levassor was associated with Henry FORD as an opposing party. He probably met Henry FORD during the presentation of evidence for the Selden patent (US549160) on October 29-30, 1906 in a New York garage. ^[84]

It should be noted the many similarities in principle between the Clément-Panhard car of 1898 and the Ford model T of 1908 (See above).

• 
  1877 - The Rosenwald patent (FR116871): "gas locomotion system" is cited in the Selden trial.
• 
  1882-1884 - Édouard Delamare-Deboutteville & Malandin: The first patented 4-wheeled car with a 4-stroke petroleum engine Patent (1884-02-12) FR160267 – 8hp - 10km/h with electric ignition.
• 
  1906 - A. C. KREBS testimony in New-York during the Selden case (annotated transcript).
• 
  1913 - Portrait of Henry Ford (1863-1947).

Work organization: Scientific Management with Ch. de Fréminville

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1904 - Ways to combat or prevent dust: Commandant Krebs requests the tarring of the street of the establishments on Avenue d'Ivry..

Innovations with Pr Arsène d'ARSONVAL

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A. C. KREBS and the physician, physicist and academician Pr Arsène d'ARSONVAL were longtime friends.

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  1891 - D'Arsonval: "We decided, one fine day in 1891, Levassor and I, with the workshop foreman MAYADE, to place this engine on a mobile chariot "[...]. ^[85]
• 
  1902 - A. D'Arsonval (1851-1940) lends his laboratory at the Collège de France to A. C. KREBS so that he can develop his theory of the automatic carburetor for cars.
• 
  Arsène d'ARSONVAL ordered this car from his friend A. C. KREBS, director of the Panhard & Levassor factories, on 1897-09-07 requesting that a dynamo drive device be added to enable him to generate electricity for his experiments. ^[86]
• 
  1904 - A. C. KREBS built the GAIFFE and d'ARSONVAL radiological car which produced the direct and alternating electric current needed for medical devices. ^[87]
• 
  1905 - A. C. Krebs took part in scientific spiritualism sessions organized by A. d'Arsonval, alongside Mme Curie. ^[88]

1891: Pr s'Arsonval helps Levassor for his patent FR215695 dated 1891-08-21 for "Improvement in gas engines".

1894 - Société Française de Physique: Pr d'Arsonval demonstrates that the Panhard & Levassor petroleum engine is "the real engine applicable to road traction". ^[89]

1901-1905 - A. d'ARSONVAL having proved that benzole presented no risk of explosion in a confined environment, the French navy ordered benzole engines from A. C. KREBS for its NAÏADE-class submarines (See below).

1902 - A. d'ARSONVAL lends his laboratory at the Collège de France to A. C. KREBS for his preliminary experiments on his automatic carburetor.

1905 - A. d'ARSONVAL presents to the Academy of Sciences the note of A. C. KREBS on his electric dynamometric brake (see above) allowing to precisely measure the power of petroleum engines. ^[90]

1905 - A. C. KREBS participated in scientific spiritualism sessions organized by academician A. d'ARSONVAL within the framework of the General Psychological Institute. ^[91]

A. C. KREBS and Ettore BUGATTI

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1913-01-24: Panhard & Levassor board - "Mr. Director [A. C. KREBS] reports on the visit he made to Mr. Bugatti in his factory in Molsheim [Alsace] where he was able to test the cars built by Mr. Bugatti and engines on dynamometric break. Mr. Director noticed different very interesting construction processes; However, he thinks that Mr. Bugatti, to achieve this result, makes the material work at its greatest limit of resistance, which is contrary to the ways of proceeding in our company which always tend to keep a fairly large margin in the resistance of the metal".

Military vehicles

Krebs utilized his former military membership to supply the French Army with engines and vehicles including the 1904 Genty Armored car, the 1911 Chatillon-Panhard 4x4 truck, the 1916 St Chamond tank, and others.

Automobiles in Madagascar for General Galliéni

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1899 - General Gallieni, governor of Madagascar, brought three Panhard & Levassor cars from Paris, two 12hp cars and one 6hp car. ^[92]

• 
  1897 - Gallieni (1849-1916) (seated) and his staff in Madagascar: Hubert Lyautey (left) and Jean-Noël Savelli (center).
• 
  1900 - Construction of a road with a 15% ramp in Madagascar.
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  1900 - Arrival of General Galliéni in Tananarive with the 6cv Panhard & Levassor.
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  1901 - Panhard & Levassor 12hp car supplied by A. C. KREBS to General Galliéni on the eastern route.
• 
  1902 - Panhard & Levassor vehicles supplied by A. C. KREBS to General Galliéni in Madagascar.
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  1902 - Postal service in Madagascar with a Panhard & Levassor break 15hp adapted to high temperatures.

Lebaudy & Astra airship engines

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A. C. KREBS built all the engines for Lebaudy military airships.

• 
  1910 - The Lebaudy airship "Morning Post ", with 2 Panhard & Levassor engines, in flight.
• 
  1968 - A. C. KREBS will provide all the Panhard & Levassor engines for the Lebaudy-type french military airships.

Benzol engines for submarines

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A. C. KREBS built all the engines for the Naïade class submarines.

• 
  1908 - Naïade-class submarine Thon.

1901-1905 - A. d'ARSONVAL having proved that benzole presented no risk of explosion in a confined environment, the French navy ordered benzole engines from A. C. KREBS for its NAÏADE-class submarines.

Genty armored car in Morocco for General Lyautey

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A. C. KREBS built Genty armored cars.

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  1906 - Henri Genty De la Touloubre racing driver on Bayard-Clément.
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  1906 - The Panhard 24 HP armored car built by A. C. KREBS at the Panhard & Levassor factory as a former officer.
• 
  1907 - La Vie Au Grand Air - Panhard & Levassor armored car of Cap. Genty in operation in Morocco.
• 
  1907 - General Lyautey (1854-1934): General Commander of Algeria.
• 
  1912-07 - Appointed Resident General of Morocco General Lyautey visited Fez and Meknes with the Genty automobile.
• 
  1912-10 - "General Lyautey went to Marrakech in an auto-machine gun".

1913 - Panhard-Genty Machine Gun Car: "Modification of 1912 on the Panhard 24 HP Model 1907."

A Panhard 24 HP was acquired by the French Ministry of War in 1904, to experiment with the military capabilities of automobiles and particularly for reconnaissance. Following the military maneuvers of September 1905, Captain Genty was authorized to install machine gun mounts on the Panhard 24 HP, of which he was the pilot. After transformation in 1906, the Panhard-Genty 24 HP was sent in December 1907 to Morocco and put into service on the borders of Algeria and Morocco. General Maurice Bailloud of the 19th army corps of Algeria calls for new machines. Clément-Bayard cars were shipped in 1908 and 1910 and proved to be unsuitable. Three Panhard 24 HP were then delivered again in 1912.

In 1903, Captain Genty proposed, jointly with A. C. KREBS, modifying a Panhard & Levassor chassis to make it an operational armored car.

It raises the ground clearance of the chassis by 32cm using springs of 0.90m at the front and 1.30m at the rear. The gasoline is distributed in 2 solid independent cylindrical tanks of 45 liters forming seats, with a range of 400 km on good roads and 250 km on bad roads.

The engine is a 35 HP allowing the vehicle to reach 65 km/h at “high speed”. It has a Krebs automatic carburetor and dual ignition (batteries and magneto), automatic lubrication, cooling by pump and radiator with insulated tank, free exhaust "at will", a leather cone clutch, gear change by sliding train and chain transmission.

The steering is irreversible, turning at 25°. The brakes are shoe brakes on the differential shaft and ribbon brakes on the rear wheels. The wheels are equipped with removable rims, Michelin system, allowing tire replacement in 4 minutes maximum. The risk of punctures is reduced thanks to the choice of 920 x 120 tires, of the “iron sole” type, resistant to both stones and thorns. Two spare tires are attached to the right of the car.

The car's armament included 2 Hotchkiss machine guns: one on its mount and a spare on its stirrups, to the right of the car. The machine gun used could be placed on one of the two legs located at the rear and in the middle part of the vehicle. The ammunition was divided into 9 boxes with a total capacity of 20,000 cartridges, including 3,600 in the trunks of the car.

Chatillon-Panhard artillery tractor

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In 1911 A. C. KREBS designed, jointly with the Chatillon Co, an all-terrain vehicle with four wheel drive and four wheel steering "fully adherent", using only one differential. This truck was meant for military and civil purposes and was used during World War I as artillery tractor.

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  1911 - The Chatillon-Panhard 4X4 "fully adherent" tractor. ^[93]
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  The four wheel drive and four wheel steering Châtillon-Panhard military tractor.
• Video: 1916 - Chatillon-Panhard tractor: "Heavy artillery, a group of 120 long".
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  1917 - Châtillon-Panhard tractor: “Wheel with its control by worm screw and bevel gears”.
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  1913 - The Chatillon-Panhard "screw wheel control".
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  1916 - Chatillon-Panhard artillery tractor: 35HP K11.

Saint-Chamond tank

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A. C. KREBS builds the valveless engines for the Saint-Chamond tanks.

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  1916 - The Saint-Chamond tank with a Panhard & Levassor valveless engine.
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  1916-1918 - The Saint-Chamond tank with Panhard & Levassor engine.
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  1917 ~ French St. Chamond tanks used for training.

Gasoline tethered balloon winches

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1916 - A. C. Krebs transposes his hippomobile car steam winch of 1882 on his military trucks Panhard & Levassor, by adding an engine and a workstation dedicated to the balloon maneuvers so as to allow the device to remain operational along the way. ^[94]

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  1916 - Aerostation station: A. C. KREBS 1882 steam winch in operation (see above) in France.
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  1917 - The 1882 A. C. KREBS steam winch (see above) in operation in Romania.
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  1916 - Near the Neuville-au-Pont: a winch truck from aerostation (A. C. KREBS system winch) PANHARD K19 SS camouflaged comes out of its shelter.
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  1916 - KREBS model 1882 aerostation winch adapted by himself on his T4 RKV Panhard & Levassor truck.
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  1916 - KREBS model 1882 aerostation winch on his T4 RKV Panhard & Levassor truck in operation.

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See also: Panhard & Levassor (Deutsch), list of types.

1888-04-17 - A. C. KREBS: "Success in such a matter largely depends on the relationships that exist between all the dimensions and sizes of the elements that are brought together."

1902-02 - Automobile Magazine: "Indeed the attitude of the British maker has been well described as sitting on Panhard's doorstep, a good place also for the American maker. ^[95]

1902-04 - Automobile Magazine: "The French automobile is the result of long experimenting and thought devoted to each and every part, from the pin and lock bolt and washer, to the cylinder casting and piston rings". ^[96]