Corpuscularianism

Corpuscularianism is similar to the theory of atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure, a step on the way towards the production of gold by transmutation.

Corpuscularianism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the apparent properties of objects are artifacts of the perceiving mind, that is, "secondary" qualities as distinguished from "primary" qualities.^[10] Corpuscles were thought to be unobservable and having a very limited number of basic properties, such as size, shape, and motion.^[4]

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes used corpuscularianism to justify his political theories in Leviathan.^[2] It was used by Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light,^[7] while Boyle used it to develop his mechanical corpuscular philosophy, which laid the foundations for the Chemical Revolution.^[11]

Corpuscularianism remained a dominant theory for centuries and was blended with alchemy by early scientists such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton in the 17th century. In his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661), Boyle abandoned the Aristotelian ideas of the classical elements—earth, water, air, and fire—in favor of corpuscularianism. In his later work, The Origin of Forms and Qualities (1666), Boyle used corpuscularianism to explain all of the major Aristotelian concepts, marking a departure from traditional Aristotelianism.^[12]

William R. Newman traces the origins from the fourth book of Aristotle, Meteorology.^[13] The "dry" and "moist" exhalations of Aristotle became the alchemical 'sulfur' and 'mercury' of the eighth-century Islamic alchemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (died c. 806–816). Pseudo-Geber's Summa perfectionis contains an alchemical theory in which unified sulfur and mercury corpuscles, differing in purity, size, and relative proportions, form the basis of a much more complicated process.^[14]

Several of the principles which corpuscularianism proposed became tenets of modern chemistry.

• The idea that compounds can have secondary properties that differ from the properties of the elements which are combined to make them became the basis of molecular chemistry.
• The idea that the same elements can be predictably combined in different ratios using different methods to create compounds with radically different properties became the basis of stoichiometry, crystallography, and established studies of chemical synthesis.
• The ability of chemical processes to alter the composition of an object without significantly altering its form is the basis of fossil theory via mineralization and the understanding of numerous metallurgical, biological, and geological processes.

• Atomic theory
• Atomism
• Classical element
• History of chemistry

• Bigotti, Fabrizio (2017). "A Previously Unknown Path to Corpuscularism in the Seventeenth Century: Santorio's Marginalia to the Commentaria in Primam Fen Primi Libri Canonis Avicennae (1625)". Ambix. 64 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1080/00026980.2017.1287550. PMC 5470109.
• Clericuzio, Antonio (2000). Elements, Principles and Corpuscles: A Study of Atomism and Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6782-6.
• Lasswitz, Kurd (1890). Geschichte der Atomistik vom Mittelalter bis Newton. Band 1: Die Erneuerung der Korpuskulartheorie. Band 2: Höhepunkt und Verfall der Korpuskulartheorie des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts. Hamburg-Leipzig: Voss. OCLC 2361346.
• Lüthy, Christoph; Murdoch, John E.; Newman, William R., eds. (2001). Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11516-3.
• Newman, William R. (1993). "The Corpuscular Theory of J.B. Van Helmont and its Medieval Sources". Vivarium. 31 (1): 161–191.
• Newman, William R. (1994). "Robert Boyle's Debt to Corpuscular Alchemy". In Hunter, Michael (ed.). Robert Boyle Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–118.
• Newman, William R. (1996). "The Alchemical Sources of Robert Boyle's Corpuscular Philosophy". Annals of Science. 53: 567–585.
• Newman, William R. (2001). "Corpuscular Alchemy and the Tradition of Aristotle's Meteorology, with Special Reference to Daniel Sennert". International Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 15: 145–153.
• Newman, William R. (2006). Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57697-8.
• Newman, William R. (2014). "Mercury and Sulphur among the High Medieval Alchemists: From Razi and Avicenna to Albertus Magnus and Pseudo-Roger Bacon". Ambix. 62 (4): 327–344. doi:10.1179/1745823414Y.0000000004.
• Norris, John A. (2006). "The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science". Ambix. 53: 43–65. doi:10.1179/174582306X93183.
• Pabst, Bernhard (1994). Atomtheorien des lateinischen Mittelalters. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

• Lüthy, Christoph; Murdoch, John E.; Newman, William R., eds. (2001). Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11516-3.