Пролетњаци

пролетњаци, Plecoptera; Временски распон: 299–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Перм - данас
	ларва врсте Perla bipunctata, Лисинска река
	Eusthenia sp.
Научна класификација
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Arthropoda
Класа:	Insecta
Поткласа:	Pterygota
Инфракласа:	Neoptera; Polyneoptera
Надред:	Plecopterida
Ред:	Plecoptera; Burmeister, 1839
подредови
	„Antarctoperlaria"; Arctoperlaria

Пролетњаци (Plecoptera)^[2] су ред крилатих инсеката са богатом и дугом еволуционом историјом. Савремена светска фауна обухвата преко 3.500 врста пролетњака,^[3] и нове врсте се још увек откривају. Овај ред је скоро космополитски распрострањен (одсуствује једино на Антарктику).^[4]

Сматра се да су пролетњаци једна од најпримитивнијих група класе Neoptera. Њихови блиски сродници су идентификовани међу врстама из геолошких периода креде и доњег перма, док су прави пролетњаци познати из фосила који су нешто мало млађи. Према данашњим подацима сматра се да они воде порекло из мезозоичког периода.^[5]

Пролетњаци обитавају на јужној и северној хемисфери, и популације су прилично различите, мада еволуциона евиденција сугерише да су врсте прешле екватор много пута пре него пто су поново постале географски изоловане.^[5]^[6]

Пошто су ларве свих пролетњака неотпорне на загађеност животне средине, ови инсекти се користе као биоиндикатори.^[7]

Морфолошке и еколошке карактеристике

Пролетњаци су хемиметаболни инсекти, чије ларве живе у незагађеним слатководним екосистемима (језерима, рекама, потоцима). Ларве се пресвалаче и до 10 пута, пре изласка из воде и пресвлачења у адулте. Адултне јединке не напуштају околину места где су живеле као ларве (филопатрија) и често се одмарају на камењу или површинској вегетацији у воденом екосистему. Адулти су величине до 50 mm и код већине врста поседују крила. Карактеристика по којој су добиле научно име (грч. πλέκειν - плетеница, Plecoptera - упредена крила) је посебан начин уздужног савијања крила услед постојања израженог аналног дела задњих крила^[8]. Сем овим, одрасле јединке се карактеришу и тросегментним тарзусима (само код савремених врста), карактеристичном морфолошком грађом мушког полног органа (едеагус) и делимично сраслим тестисима, додатним циркулаторним органом („церкално срце"), као и дугачким једно- до вишесегментним церцима који полазе са 10. абдоминалног сегмента^[1]^[8]. Ларве такође поседују церке, и они су увек са великим бројем сегмената.^[9]

Ларве се у воденим екосистемима хране ловећи друге артроподе, биљним материјалом или детритусом. Одрасле јединке се, у зависности од еволуционе историје врсте, хране хербиворно или су активни предатори.

Филогенија и систематика реда

Најстарији фосилни налази пролетњака потичу из доњег Перма. Изумрле палеозојске представнике поједини аутори сврставају у засебан ред (Protoperlaria) али су вероватно у питању базалне врсте, којима недостају одређене карактеристике савремених^[1]. Изумрла фамилија Lemmatophoridae чак обухвата врсте са терестричним ларвама. Представници ове, као и фамилија Liomopteridae и Probnidae, имали су тарзусе изграђене из пет сегмената.

Савремени представници реда пролетњака биогеографски и систематски су подељени у оне који насељавају Јужну хемисферу (подред Antarctoperlaria) и оне који насељавају Северну хемисферу (подред Arctoperlaria).^[10] Дивергенција између ових група временски се подудара са разбијањем јединственог континента Пангее на Лауразију и Гондвану током Јуре. Новија истраживања кладистичке систематике указују на парафилетску природу подреда Antarctoperlaria, услед чега се класификациона схема читавог реда своди на постојање две јужне натфамилије и једног северног подреда, који са своје стране обухвата једну фамилију и два инфрареда. Укупан број савремених фамилија је 16.

Одрасла јединак фамилије Taeniopterygidae (Euholognatha)

Одрасла јединак фамилије Perlidae (Systellognatha)

ред Plecoptera

„Protoperlaria"

фамилија †Lemmatophoridae

фамилија †Liomopteridae

фамилија †Probnidae

подред „Antarctoperlaria"

натфамилија Eusthenioidea

фамилија Diamphipnoidae

фамилија Eustheniidae

натфамилија Leptoperloidea

фамилија Austroperlidae

фамилија Gripopterygidae

подред Arctoperlaria

базална фамилија Scopuridae

инфраред Euholognatha, или Filipalpia

фамилија Capniidae

фамилија Leuctridae

фамилија Nemouridae

фамилија Notonemouridae

фамилија Taeniopterygidae

инфраред Systellognatha, Setipalpia, или Subulipalpia

фамилија Chloroperlidae

фамилија Peltoperlidae

фамилија Perlidae

фамилија Perlodidae

фамилија Pteronarcyidae

фамилија Styloperlidae

Врсте

Acroneuria abnormis (Newman, 1838)
Acroneuria arenosa (Pictet, 1841)
Acroneuria arida (Hagen, 1861)
Acroneuria carolinensis (Banks, 1905)
Acroneuria evoluta Klapálek, 1909
Acroneuria filicis Frison, 1942
Acroneuria flinti Stark and Gaufin, 1976
Acroneuria frisoni Stark and Brown, 1991
Acroneuria hitchcocki Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1988
Acroneuria internata (Walker, 1852)
Acroneuria kosztarabi Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1993
Acroneuria lycorias (Newman, 1839)
Acroneuria ozarkensis Poulton and Stewart, 1911
Acroneuria perplexa Frison, 1937
Acroneuria petersi Stark and Gaufin, 1976
Agnetina annulipes (Hagen, 1861)
Agnetina capitata (Pictet, 1841)
Agnetina flavescens (Walsh, 1862)
Alaskaperla ovibovis (Ricker, 1965)
Allocapnia aurora Ricker, 1952
Allocapnia brooksi Ross, 1964
Allocapnia cunninghami Ross and Ricker, 1971
Allocapnia curiosa Frison, 1942
Allocapnia forbesi Frison, 1929
Allocapnia frisoni Ross and Ricker, 1964
Allocapnia frumi Kirchner, 1982
Allocapnia fumosa Ross, 1964
Allocapnia granulata (Claassen, 1924)
Allocapnia harperi Kirchner, 1980
Allocapnia illinoensis Frison, 1935
Allocapnia indianae Ricker, 1952
Allocapnia jeanae Ross, 1964
Allocapnia loshada Ricker, 1952
Allocapnia malverna Ross, 1964
Allocapnia maria Hanson, 1942
Allocapnia menawa Grubbs and Sheldon, 2008
Allocapnia minima (Barnston in Newport, 1848)
Allocapnia mohri Ross and Ricker, 1964
Allocapnia muskogee Grubbs and Sheldon, 2008
Allocapnia mystica Frison, 1929
Allocapnia nivicola (Fitch, 1847)
Allocapnia ohioensis Ross and Ricker, 1964
Allocapnia oribata Poulton and Stewart, 1987
Allocapnia ozarkana Ross, 1964
Allocapnia pechumani Ross and Ricker, 1964
Allocapnia peltoides Ross and Ricker, 1964
Allocapnia perplexa Ross and Ricker, 1971
Allocapnia polemistis Ross and Ricker, 1971
Allocapnia pygmaea (Burmeister, 1839)
Allocapnia recta (Claassen, 1924)
Allocapnia rickeri Frison, 1942
Allocapnia sandersoni Ricker, 1952
Allocapnia sano Grubbs, 2006
Allocapnia sequatchie Kondratieff and Kirchner, 2000
Allocapnia simmonsi Kondratieff and Voshell, 1981
Allocapnia smithi Ross and Ricker, 1971
Allocapnia stannardi Ross, 1964
Allocapnia starki Kondratieff and Kirchner, 2000
Allocapnia tennessa Ross and Ricker, 1964
Allocapnia tsalagi Grubbs, 2008
Allocapnia unzickeri Ross and Yamamoto, 1966
Allocapnia virginiana Frison, 1942
Allocapnia vivipara (Claassen, 1924)
Allocapnia warreni Ross and Yamamoto, 1966
Allocapnia wrayi Ross, 1964
Allocapnia zola Ricker, 1952
Alloperla acadiana Harper, 1984
Alloperla aracoma Harper and Kirchner, 1978
Alloperla atlantica Baumann, 1974
Alloperla banksi Frison, 1942
Alloperla biserrata Nelson and Kondratieff, 1980
Alloperla caddo Poulton and Stewart, 1987
Alloperla caudata Frison, 1934
Alloperla chandleri Jewett, 1954
Alloperla chloris Frison, 1934
Alloperla concolor Ricker, 1935
Alloperla delicata Frison, 1935
Alloperla fraterna Frison, 1935
Alloperla furcula Surdick, 1981
Alloperla hamata Surdick, 1981
Alloperla idei (Ricker, 1935)
Alloperla imbecilla (Say, 1823)
Alloperla leonarda Ricker, 1952
Alloperla medveda Ricker, 1952
Alloperla nanina Banks, 1911
Alloperla natchez Surdick and Stark, 1980
Alloperla neglecta Frison, 1935
Alloperla ouachita Stark and Stewart, 1983
Alloperla pilosa Needham and Claassen, 1925
Alloperla roberti Surdick, 1981
Alloperla serrata Needham and Claassen, 1925
Alloperla severa (Hagen, 1861)
Alloperla usa Ricker, 1952
Alloperla voinae Ricker, 1948
Alloperla vostoki Ricker, 1948
Amphinemura alabama Baumann, 1996
Amphinemura apache Baumann and Gaufin, 1972
Amphinemura appalachia Baumann, 1996
Amphinemura banksi Baumann and Gaufin, 1972
Amphinemura delosa (Ricker, 1952)
Amphinemura linda (Ricker, 1952)
Amphinemura mexicana Baumann, 1972
Amphinemura mockfordi (Ricker, 1952)
Amphinemura mogollonica Baumann and Gaufin, 1972
Amphinemura nigritta (Provancher, 1876)
Amphinemura puebla Baumann, 1972
Amphinemura reinerti Baumann, 1976
Amphinemura texana Baumann, 1996
Amphinemura varshava (Ricker, 1952)
Amphinemura venusta (Banks, 1911)
Amphinemura wui (Claassen, 1936)
Anacroneuria comanche Stark and Baumann, 1987
Anacroneuria wipukupa Baumann and Olson, 1984
Apteroperla babensis (Kawai, 1967)
Apteroperla elongata (Kawai, 1967)
Apteroperla monticola (Kawai, 1955)
Apteroperla tikumana (Uéno, 1938)
Apteroperla verdea (Kawai, 1967)
Apteroperla yazawai Matsumura, 1931
Arcynopteryx compacta (McLachlan, 1872)
Arsapnia coyote (Nelson and Baumann, 1987)
Arsapnia decepta Banks, 1897
Arsapnia pileata (Jewett, 1966)
Arsapnia sequoia (Nelson and Baumann, 1987)
Arsapnia teresa (Claassen, 1924)
Arsapnia tumida (Claassen, 1924)
Arsapnia utahensis (Gaufin and Jewett, 1962)
Attaneuria ruralis (Hagen, 1861)
Baikaloperla elongata Zapekina-Dulkeit and Zhiltzova, 1973
Baikaloperla kozhovi Zapekina-Dulkeit and Zhiltzova, 1973
Baumannella alameda (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Beloneuria georgiana (Banks, 1914)
Beloneuria jamesae Stark and Szczytko, 1976
Beloneuria stewarti Stark and Szczytko, 1976
Bisancora pastina (Jewett, 1962)
Bisancora rutriformis Surdick, 1981
Bolotoperla rossi (Frison, 1942)
Bolshecapnia gregsoni (Ricker, 1965)
Bolshecapnia milami (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1967)
Bolshecapnia rogozera (Ricker, 1965)
Bolshecapnia spenceri (Ricker, 1965)
Calileuctra dobryi Shepard and Baumann, 1995
Calileuctra ephemera Shepard and Baumann, 1995
Calineuria californica (Banks, 1905)
Calliperla luctuosa (Banks, 1906)
Capnia affinis Morton, 1896
Capnia ahngeri Koponen, 1949
Capnia aligera Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975
Capnia alternata Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975
Capnia ansobiensis Zhiltzova, 1974
Capnia arensi Zhiltzova, 1964
Capnia asakawana Kohno, 1952
Capnia atra Morton, 1896
Capnia badakhshanica Zhiltzova, 1974
Capnia bargusinica Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975
Capnia bicornata Alouf, 1992
Capnia bicuspidata Zhiltzova, 1974
Capnia bifida Jewett, 1960
Capnia bilobata Chen and Song, 2019
Capnia bimaculata Zhiltzova, 1969
Capnia bituberculata Uéno, 1929
Capnia breviptera Kawai, 1957
Capnia californica Claassen, 1924
Capnia caryi Baumann and Jacobi, 2002
Capnia cheama Ricker, 1965
Capnia coloradensis Claassen, 1937
Capnia confusa Claassen, 1936
Capnia cordata Kimmins, 1947
Capnia elongata Claassen, 1924
Capnia erecta Jewett, 1955
Capnia excavata Claassen, 1924
Capnia femina Kawai, 1968
Capnia fialai Nelson and Baumann, 1990
Capnia flebilis Kohno, 1952
Capnia fukushimana Kohno, 1952
Capnia gibbera Jewett, 1960
Capnia giulianii Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia glabra Claassen, 1924
Capnia gracilaria Claassen, 1924
Capnia hamifera Zhiltzova, 1969
Capnia hingstoni Kimmins, 1947
Capnia hitchcocki Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia inyo Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia iturupiensis Zhiltzova, 1980
Capnia jankowskajae Zhiltzova, 1974
Capnia japonica Okamoto, 1922
Capnia jewetti Frison, 1942
Capnia kersti Nelson, 2004
Capnia khubsugulica Zhiltzova and Varykhanova, 1987
Capnia kibuneana Kawai, 1957
Capnia kolymensis Zhiltzova, 1981
Capnia kurnakovi Zhiltzova in Zhilthova and Levanidova, 1978
Capnia lacustra Jewett, 1965
Capnia lepnevae Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1957
Capnia levanidovae Kawai, 1969
Capnia licina Jewett, 1954
Capnia lineata Hanson, 1943
Capnia longicauda Zhiltzova, 1969
Capnia manii Jewett, 1958
Capnia mariposa Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia melia Frison, 1942
Capnia mitsuseana Hanada, 2018
Capnia montana Kimmins, 1947
Capnia montivaga Kimmins, 1947
Capnia naebensis Kawai, 1967
Capnia nana Claassen, 1924
Capnia naraiensis Kawai, 1957
Capnia nearctica Banks, 1919
Capnia nelsoni Kondratieff and Baumann, 2002
Capnia nigra (Pictet, 1833)
Capnia noshaqensis Kawai, 1966
Capnia oblata Chen and Du, 2017
Capnia ophiona Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia oregona Frison, 1942
Capnia pedestris Kimmins, 1947
Capnia petila Jewett, 1954
Capnia potikhae Zhiltzova in Potikha and Zhiltzpva, 1996
Capnia prolongata Zhiltzova, 1969
Capnia promota Frison, 1937
Capnia pygmaea (Zetterstedt, 1840)
Capnia qilianshana Li and Yang, 2009
Capnia quadrituberosa Hitchcock, 1958
Capnia rara Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1970
Capnia regilla Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia saratoga Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia scobina Jewett, 1966
Capnia sextuberculata Jewett, 1954
Capnia shasta Nelson and Baumann, 2009
Capnia shirahatae Kohno, 1952
Capnia shugnanica Zhiltzova, 1974
Capnia sidimiensis Zhiltzova, 1979
Capnia singularis Zhiltzova, 1974
Capnia spinulosa Claassen, 1937
Capnia storkani Sámal, 1935
Capnia takahashii Okamoto, 1922
Capnia tibetana Kimmins, 1947
Capnia triangulipennis Jewett, 1975
Capnia trispinosa Chen and Du, 2017
Capnia tshukotica Zhiltzova and Levanidova, 1978
Capnia uintahi Gaufin, 1964
Capnia umpqua Frison, 1942
Capnia valhalla Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia ventura Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnia vernalis Newport, 1848
Capnia vidua Klapálek, 1904
Capnia willametta Jewett, 1955
Capnia xiei Chen and Du, 2017
Capnia yasumatsui (Kohno, 1951)
Capnia yunnana Li and Yang, 2011
Capnia zaicevi Klapálek, 1914
Capnia zijinshana Du and Chen, 2016
Capnia zukeli Hanson, 1943
Capniella endemica (Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1955)
Capniella ghilarovi Zhiltzova, 1988
Capniella nodosa Klapálek, 1920
Capnioneura aptera Berthélemy, 1969
Capnioneura atlasica Vinçon, El Alami and Errochdi, 2014
Capnioneura balkanica Baumann and Kacanski, 1975
Capnioneura bolkari Vinçon and Sivec, 2011
Capnioneura brachyptera Despax, 1932
Capnioneura caucasica Zhiltzova, 1964
Capnioneura gelesae Berthélemy and Baena-Ruiz, 1984
Capnioneura gouanerae Vinçon and Sivec, 2011
Capnioneura libera (Navás, 1909)
Capnioneura mitis Despax, 1932
Capnioneura narcea Vinçon and Sánchez-Ortega, 2002
Capnioneura nemuroides Ris, 1905
Capnioneura petitpierreae Aubert, 1961
Capnioneura petricola Giudicelli, 1967
Capnioneura valandovi Ikonomov, 1978
Capnopsis schilleri (Rostock, 1892)
Capnura anas Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnura elevata (Frison, 1942)
Capnura fibula (Claassen, 1924)
Capnura intermontana Nelson and Baumann, 1987
Capnura manitoba (Claassen, 1924)
Capnura venosa Banks, 1900
Capnura wanica (Frison, 1944)
Cascadoperla trictura (Hoppe, 1938)
Chernokrilus erratus (Claassen, 1936)
Chernokrilus misnomus (Claassen, 1936)
Claassenia sabulosa (Banks, 1900)
Clioperla clio (Newman, 1839)
Cosumnoperla hypocrena Szczytko and Bottorff, 1987
Cultus aestivalis (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Cultus decisus (Walker, 1852)
Cultus pilatus (Frison, 1942)
Cultus tostonus (Ricker, 1952)
Cultus verticalis (Banks, 1920)
Despaxia augusta (Banks, 1907)
Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis, 1827)
Dinocras megacephala (Klapálek, 1907)
Diploperla duplicata (Banks, 1920)
Diploperla kanawholensis Kirchner and Kondratieff, 1984
Diploperla morgani Kondratieff and Voshell, 1979
Diploperla robusta Stark and Gaufin, 1974
Diura bicaudata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Diura knowltoni (Frison, 1937)
Diura nanseni (Kempny, 1900)
Doddsia occidentalis (Banks, 1900)
Doroneuria baumanni Stark and Gaufin, 1974
Doroneuria theodora (Needham and Claassen, 1922)
Eccoptura xanthenes (Newman, 1838)
Eocapnia nivalis (Uéno, 1929)
Eocapnia shigensis Kawai, 1967
Eocapnia yezoensis Kawai, 1955
Eucapnopsis brevicauda (Claassen, 1924)
Eucapnopsis quattuorsegmentata Okamoto, 1922
Eucapnopsis stigmatica Okamoto, 1922
Eurekapnia maculata (Jewett, 1954)
Frisonia picticeps (Hanson, 1942)
Hansonoperla appalachia Nelson, 1979
Hansonoperla cheaha Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1996
Hansonoperla hokolesqua Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1996
Haploperla brevis (Banks, 1895)
Haploperla chilnualna (Ricker, 1952)
Haploperla chukcho (Surdick and Stark, 1980)
Haploperla orpha (Frison, 1937)
Helopicus bogaloosa Stark and Ray, 1983
Helopicus nalatus (Frison, 1942)
Helopicus subvarians (Banks, 1920)
Hesperoperla hoguei Baumann and Stark, 1980
Hesperoperla pacifica (Banks, 1900)
Hydroperla crosbyi (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Hydroperla fugitans (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Hydroperla phormidia Ray and Stark, 1981
Hydroperla rickeri (Stark, 1984)
Isocapnia abbreviata Frison, 1942
Isocapnia agassizi Ricker, 1943
Isocapnia anguis Chen and Du, 2017
Isocapnia apicispina Chen and Du, 2017
Isocapnia aptera Zhiltzova, 1969
Isocapnia arcuata Zhiltzova, 1975
Isocapnia crinita (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Isocapnia eichlini Zenger and Baumann, 2004
Isocapnia grandis (Banks, 1907)
Isocapnia guentheri (Joost, 1970)
Isocapnia hyalita Ricker, 1959
Isocapnia integra Hanson, 1943
Isocapnia japonica Kohno, 1953
Isocapnia kudia Ricker, 1959
Isocapnia mogila Ricker, 1959
Isocapnia orientalis Zhiltzova, 1975
Isocapnia palousa Zenger and Baumann, 2004
Isocapnia rickeri Zenger and Baumann, 2004
Isocapnia sibirica (Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1955)
Isocapnia spenceri Ricker, 1943
Isocapnia vedderensis (Ricker, 1943)
Isogenoides colubrinus (Hagen, 1874)
Isogenoides doratus (Frison, 1942)
Isogenoides elongatus (Hagen, 1874)
Isogenoides frontalis (Newman, 1838)
Isogenoides hansoni (Ricker, 1952)
Isogenoides krumholzi (Ricker, 1952)
Isogenoides olivaceus (Walker, 1852)
Isogenoides varians (Walsh, 1862)
Isogenoides zionensis Hanson, 1949
Isoperla acula Jewett, 1962
Isoperla adunca Jewett, 1962
Isoperla baumanni Szczytko and Stewart, 1984
Isoperla bellona Banks, 1911
Isoperla bifurcata Szczytko and Stewart, 1979
Isoperla bilineata (Say, 1823)
Isoperla burksi Frison, 1942
Isoperla conspicua Frison, 1935
Isoperla cotta Ricker, 1952
Isoperla coushatta Szczytko and Stewart, 1976
Isoperla davisi James, 1974
Isoperla decepta Frison, 1935
Isoperla decolorata (Walker, 1852)
Isoperla denningi Jewett, 1955
Isoperla dicala Frison, 1942
Isoperla distincta Nelson, 1976
Isoperla emarginata Harden and Mickel, 1952
Isoperla francesca Harper, 1971
Isoperla frisoni Illies, 1966
Isoperla fulva Claassen, 1937
Isoperla fusca Needham and Claassen, 1925
Isoperla gibbsae Harper, 1971
Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1761)
Isoperla gravitans (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Isoperla holochlora (Klapálek, 1923)
Isoperla irregularis (Klapálek, 1923)
Isoperla jewetti Szczytko and Stewart, 1976
Isoperla katmaiensis Szczytko and Stewart, 1979
Isoperla lata Frison, 1942
Isoperla longiseta Banks, 1906
Isoperla major Nelson and Kondratieff, 1983
Isoperla marlynia Needham and Claassen, 1925
Isoperla marmorata Needham and Claassen, 1925
Isoperla maxana Harden and Mickel, 1952
Isoperla miwok Bottorff and Szczytko, 1990
Isoperla mohri Frison, 1935
Isoperla montana (Banks, 1898)
Isoperla mormona Banks, 1920
Isoperla namata Frison, 1942
Isoperla nana (Walsh, 1862)
Isoperla orata Frison, 1942
Isoperla ouachita Stark and Stewart, 1973
Isoperla petersoni Needham and Christenson, 1927
Isoperla phalerata (Smith, 1917)
Isoperla pinta Frison, 1937
Isoperla quinquepunctata (Banks, 1902)
Isoperla rainiera Jewett, 1954
Isoperla richardsoni Frison, 1935
Isoperla roguensis Szczytko and Stewart, 1984
Isoperla sagittata Szczytko and Stewart, 1976
Isoperla signata (Banks, 1902)
Isoperla similis (Hagen, 1861)
Isoperla slossonae (Banks, 1911)
Isoperla sobria (Hagen, 1874)
Isoperla sordida Banks, 1906
Isoperla szczytkoi Poulton and Stewart, 1987
Isoperla tilasqua Szczytko and Stewart, 1979
Isoperla transmarina (Newman, 1838)
Kathroperla perdita Banks, 1920
Kathroperla takhoma Stark and Surdick, 1987
Kogotus modestus (Banks, 1908)
Kogotus nonus (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Lednia tumana (Ricker, 1952)
Leuctra alabama James, 1974
Leuctra alexanderi Hanson, 1941
Leuctra alta James, 1974
Leuctra baddecka Ricker, 1965
Leuctra biloba Claassen, 1923
Leuctra carolinensis Claassen, 1923
Leuctra cottaquilla James, 1974
Leuctra crossi James, 1974
Leuctra duplicata Claassen, 1923
Leuctra ferruginea (Walker, 1851)
Leuctra grandis Banks, 1906
Leuctra inermis Kempny, 1899
Leuctra laura Hitchcock, 1969
Leuctra maria Hanson, 1941
Leuctra mitchellensis Hanson, 1941
Leuctra moha Ricker, 1952
Leuctra monticola Hanson, 1941
Leuctra moselyi Morton, 1907
Leuctra nephophila Hanson, 1941
Leuctra paleo Poulton and Stewart, 1991
Leuctra rickeri James, 1976
Leuctra sibleyi Claassen, 1923
Leuctra szczytkoi Stark and Stewart, 1981
Leuctra tenella Provancher, 1878
Leuctra tenuis (Pictet, 1841)
Leuctra triloba Claassen, 1923
Leuctra truncata Claassen, 1923
Leuctra variabilis Hanson, 1941
Malenka bifurcata (Claassen, 1923)
Malenka biloba (Claassen, 1923)
Malenka californica (Claassen, 1923)
Malenka coloradensis (Banks, 1897)
Malenka cornuta (Claassen, 1923)
Malenka depressa (Banks, 1898)
Malenka flexura (Claassen, 1923)
Malenka marionae (Hitchcock, 1958)
Malenka perplexa (Frison, 1936)
Malenka tina (Ricker, 1952)
Malenka wenatchee (Ricker, 1965)
Malirekus hastatus (Banks, 1920)
Malirekus iroquois Stark and Szczytko, 1988
Megaleuctra complicata Claassen, 1937
Megaleuctra flinti Baumann, 1973
Megaleuctra kincaidi Frison, 1942
Megaleuctra sierra Fields, 1977
Megaleuctra stigmata (Banks, 1900)
Megaleuctra williamsae Hanson, 1941
Megarcys irregularis (Banks, 1900)
Megarcys signata (Hagen, 1874)
Megarcys subtruncata Hanson, 1942
Megarcys watertoni (Ricker, 1952)
Megarcys yosemite (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Mesocapnia altaica (Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1955)
Mesocapnia aptera Lee and Baumann, 2011
Mesocapnia arizonensis (Baumann and Gaufin, 1969)
Mesocapnia autumna (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970)
Mesocapnia bakeri (Banks, 1918)
Mesocapnia bergi (Ricker, 1965)
Mesocapnia bulbosa Nelson and Baumann, 1990
Mesocapnia daxingana Chen and Du, 2016
Mesocapnia frisoni (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970)
Mesocapnia gorodkovi Zhiltzova and Baumann, 1986
Mesocapnia lapwae (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970)
Mesocapnia oenone (Neave, 1929)
Mesocapnia ogotoruka (Jewett, 1964)
Mesocapnia porrecta (Jewett, 1954)
Mesocapnia projecta (Frison, 1937)
Mesocapnia silvatica Rauser, 1968
Mesocapnia sugluka (Ricker, 1965)
Mesocapnia variabilis (Klapálek, 1920)
Mesocapnia werneri (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970)
Mesocapnia yoloensis (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970)
Moselia infuscata (Claassen, 1923)
Nemocapnia carolina Banks, 1938
Nemocapnia japonica Kohno, 1953
Nemoura arctica Esben-Petersen, 1910
Nemoura marginata Pictet, 1836
Nemoura normani Ricker, 1952
Nemoura rickeri Jewett, 1971
Nemoura spiniloba Jewett, 1954
Nemoura trispinosa Claassen, 1923
Neoperla carlsoni Stark and Baumann, 1978
Neoperla catharae Stark and Baumann, 1978
Neoperla choctaw Stark and Baumann, 1978
Neoperla clymene (Newman, 1839)
Neoperla coosa Smith and Stark, 1998
Neoperla coxi Stark, 1995
Neoperla falayah Stark and Lentz, 1988
Neoperla gaufini Stark and Baumann, 1978
Neoperla harpi Ernst and Stewart, 1986
Neoperla harrisi Stark and Lentz, 1988
Neoperla mainensis Banks, 1948
Neoperla occipitalis (Pictet, 1841)
Neoperla osage Stark and Lentz, 1988
Neoperla robisoni Poulton and Stewart, 1986
Neoperla stewarti Stark and Baumann, 1978
Oconoperla innubila (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Oemopteryx contorta (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Oemopteryx fosketti (Ricker, 1965)
Oemopteryx glacialis (Newport, 1849)
Oemopteryx vanduzeea (Claassen, 1937)
Oroperla barbara Needham, 1933
Osobenus yakimae (Hoppe, 1938)
Ostrocerca albidipennis (Walker, 1852)
Ostrocerca complexa (Claassen, 1937)
Ostrocerca dimicki (Frison, 1936)
Ostrocerca foersteri (Ricker, 1943)
Ostrocerca prolongata (Claassen, 1923)
Ostrocerca truncata (Claassen, 1923)
Paracapnia angulata Hanson, 1961
Paracapnia baumanni Kondratieff and Lee, 2010
Paracapnia boris Stark and Baumann, 2004
Paracapnia disala (Jewett, 1962)
Paracapnia ensicala (Jewett, 1962)
Paracapnia humboldta Baumann and Lee, 2007
Paracapnia khorensis Zhiltzova, 1972
Paracapnia leisteri Potikha and Zhiltzova, 2005
Paracapnia opis (Newman, 1839)
Paracapnia recta Zhiltzova, 1984
Paracapnia sikhotensis Zhiltzova in Zhilthova and Levanidova, 1978
Paragnetina fumosa (Banks, 1902)
Paragnetina ichusa Stark and Szczytko, 1981
Paragnetina immarginata (Say, 1823)
Paragnetina kansensis (Banks, 1905)
Paragnetina media (Walker, 1852)
Paraleuctra divisa (Hitchcock, 1958)
Paraleuctra forcipata (Frison, 1937)
Paraleuctra jewetti Nebeker and Gaufin, 1966
Paraleuctra occidentalis (Banks, 1907)
Paraleuctra projecta (Frison, 1942)
Paraleuctra sara (Claassen, 1937)
Paraleuctra vershina Gaufin and Ricker, 1974
Paranemoura claasseni Baumann, 1996
Paranemoura perfecta (Walker, 1852)
Paraperla frontalis (Banks, 1902)
Paraperla wilsoni Ricker, 1965
Peltoperla arcuata Needham, 1905
Peltoperla tarteri Stark and Kondratieff, 1987
Perla marginata Panzer, 1799
Perla maxima (Scopoli, 1763)
Perlesta adena Stark, 1989
Perlesta baumanni Stark, 1989
Perlesta bolukta Stark, 1989
Perlesta browni Stark, 1989
Perlesta cinctipes (Banks, 1905)
Perlesta dakota Kondratieff and Baumann, 1999
Perlesta decipiens (Walsh, 1862)
Perlesta etneri Kondratieff and Kirchner, 2001
Perlesta frisoni Banks, 1948
Perlesta fusca Poulton and Stewart, 1991
Perlesta golconda DeWalt and Stark, 1998
Perlesta lagoi Stark, 1989
Perlesta nelsoni Stark, 1989
Perlesta nitida Banks, 1948
Perlesta placida (Hagen, 1861)
Perlesta shubuta Stark, 1989
Perlesta teaysia Kirchner and Kondratieff, 1997
Perlesta xube Stark and Rhodes, 1997
Perlinella drymo (Newman, 1839)
Perlinella ephyre (Newman, 1839)
Perlinella zwicki Kondratieff et al., 1988
Perlinodes aurea (Smith, 1917)
Perlomyia collaris Banks, 1906
Perlomyia utahensis Needham and Claassen, 1925
Pictetiella expansa (Banks, 1920)
Plumiperla diversa (Frison, 1935)
Plumiperla spinosa (Surdick, 1981)
Podmosta decepta (Frison, 1942)
Podmosta delicatula (Claassen, 1923)
Podmosta macdunnoughi (Ricker, 1947)
Podmosta obscura (Frison, 1936)
Podmosta weberi (Ricker, 1952)
Pomoleuctra andersoni (Harper and Wildman, 1985)
Pomoleuctra purcellana (Neave, 1934)
Prostoia besametsa (Ricker, 1952)
Prostoia completa (Walker, 1852)
Prostoia hallasi Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1984
Prostoia similis (Hagen, 1861)
Protonemura meyeri (Pictet, 1841)
Pteronarcella badia (Hagen, 1874)
Pteronarcella regularis (Hagen, 1874)
Pteronarcys biloba Newman, 1838
Pteronarcys californica Newport, 1848
Pteronarcys comstocki Smith, 1917
Pteronarcys dorsata (Say, 1823)
Pteronarcys pictetii Hagen, 1873
Pteronarcys princeps Banks, 1907
Pteronarcys proteus Newman, 1838
Pteronarcys scotti Ricker, 1952
Rasvena terna (Frison, 1942)
Remenus bilobatus (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Remenus duffieldi Nelson and Kondratieff, 1995
Remenus kirchneri Kondratieff and Nelson, 1995
Rickera sorpta (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Salmoperla sylvanica Baumann and Lauck, 1987
Sasquacapnia missiona (Baumann and Potter, 2007)
Sasquacapnia sasquatchi (Ricker, 1965)
Setvena bradleyi (Smith, 1917)
Setvena tibialis (Banks, 1914)
Setvena wahkeena Stewart and Stanger, 1985
Shipsa rotunda (Claassen, 1923)
Sierracapnia barberi (Claassen, 1924)
Sierracapnia hornigi (Baumann and Sheldon, 1984)
Sierracapnia mono (Nelson and Baumann, 1987)
Sierracapnia palomar (Nelson and Baumann, 1987)
Sierracapnia shepardi (Nelson and Baumann, 1987)
Sierracapnia washoe Bottorff and Baumann, 2015
Sierracapnia yosemite (Nelson and Baumann, 1987)
Sierraperla cora (Needham and Smith, 1916)
Sinocapnia kuankuoshui Murányi, Li and Yang, 2015
Skwala americana (Klapálek, 1912)
Skwala curvata (Hanson, 1942)
Soliperla campanula (Jewett, 1954)
Soliperla fenderi (Jewett, 1955)
Soliperla quadrispinula (Jewett, 1954)
Soliperla sierra Stark, 1983
Soliperla thyra (Needham and Smith, 1916)
Soliperla tillamook Stark, 1983
Soyedina carolinensis (Claassen, 1923)
Soyedina interrupta (Claassen, 1923)
Soyedina kondratieffi Baumann and Grubbs, 1996
Soyedina merritti Baumann and Grubbs, 1996
Soyedina nevadensis (Claassen, 1923)
Soyedina potteri (Baumann and Gaufin, 1971)
Soyedina producta (Claassen, 1923)
Soyedina vallicularia (Wu, 1923)
Soyedina washingtoni (Claassen, 1923)
Strophopteryx appalachia Ricker and Ross, 1975
Strophopteryx arkansae Ricker and Ross, 1975
Strophopteryx cucullata Frison, 1934
Strophopteryx fasciata (Burmeister, 1839)
Strophopteryx limata (Frison, 1942)
Susulus venustus (Jewett, 1965)
Suwallia amoenacoleus Alexander and Stewart, 1999
Suwallia autumna (Hoppe, 1938)
Suwallia dubia (Frison, 1935)
Suwallia forcipata (Neave, 1929)
Suwallia lineosa (Banks, 1918)
Suwallia marginata (Banks, 1897)
Suwallia pallidula (Banks, 1904)
Suwallia salish Alexander and Stewart, 1999
Suwallia shepardi Alexander and Stewart, 1999
Suwallia sierra Baumann and Bottorff, 1997
Suwallia starki Alexander and Stewart, 1999
Suwallia sublimis Alexander and Stewart, 1999
Suwallia wardi Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1991
Sweltsa adamantea Surdick, 1995
Sweltsa albertensis (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Sweltsa borealis (Banks, 1895)
Sweltsa californica (Jewett, 1965)
Sweltsa coloradensis (Banks, 1898)
Sweltsa continua (Banks, 1911)
Sweltsa cristata Surdick, 1995
Sweltsa exquisita (Frison, 1935)
Sweltsa fidelis (Banks, 1920)
Sweltsa gaufini Baumann, 1973
Sweltsa holstonensis Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1998
Sweltsa hondo Baumann and Jacobi, 1984
Sweltsa lamba (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Sweltsa lateralis (Banks, 1911)
Sweltsa mediana (Banks, 1911)
Sweltsa naica (Provancher, 1876)
Sweltsa occidens (Frison, 1937)
Sweltsa onkos (Ricker, 1935)
Sweltsa oregonensis (Frison, 1935)
Sweltsa pacifica (Banks, 1895)
Sweltsa pisteri Baumann and Bottorff, 1997
Sweltsa pocahontas Kirchner and Kondratieff, 1988
Sweltsa resima Surdick, 1995
Sweltsa revelstoka (Jewett, 1955)
Sweltsa tamalpa (Ricker, 1952)
Sweltsa townesi (Ricker, 1952)
Sweltsa umbonata Surdick, 1995
Sweltsa urticae (Ricker, 1952)
Sweltsa voshelli Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1991
Taenionema atlanticum Ricker and Ross, 1975
Taenionema californicum (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Taenionema grinnelli (Banks, 1918)
Taenionema jacobii Stanger and Baumann, 1993
Taenionema jewetti Stanger and Baumann, 1993
Taenionema kincaidi (Hoppe, 1938)
Taenionema oregonense (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
Taenionema pacificum (Banks, 1900)
Taenionema pallidum (Banks, 1902)
Taenionema raynorium (Claassen, 1937)
Taenionema uinta Stanger and Baumann, 1993
Taenionema umatilla Stanger and Baumann, 1993
Taeniopteryx burksi Ricker and Ross, 1968
Taeniopteryx lita Frison, 1942
Taeniopteryx lonicera Ricker and Ross, 1968
Taeniopteryx maura (Pictet, 1841)
Taeniopteryx metequi Ricker and Ross, 1968
Taeniopteryx nelsoni Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1982
Taeniopteryx nivalis (Fitch, 1847)
Taeniopteryx parvula Banks, 1918
Taeniopteryx robinae Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1984
Taeniopteryx starki Stewart and Szczytko, 1974
Taeniopteryx ugola Ricker and Ross, 1968
Takagripopteryx imamurai Kohno, 1954
Takagripopteryx jezoensis Kohno, 1954
Takagripopteryx nigra Okamoto, 1922
Takagripopteryx zhuikovae Zhiltzova, 1980
Tallaperla anna (Needham and Smith, 1916)
Tallaperla cornelia (Needham and Smith, 1916)
Tallaperla elisa Stark, 1983
Tallaperla laurie (Ricker, 1952)
Tallaperla lobata Stark, 1983
Tallaperla maria (Needham and Smith, 1916)
Triznaka pintada (Ricker, 1952)
Triznaka signata (Banks, 1895)
Utacapnia columbiana (Claassen, 1924)
Utacapnia distincta (Frison, 1937)
Utacapnia imbera (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965)
Utacapnia labradora (Ricker, 1954)
Utacapnia lemoniana (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965)
Utacapnia logana (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965)
Utacapnia nedia (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1966)
Utacapnia poda (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965)
Utacapnia sierra (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965)
Utacapnia tahoensis (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965)
Utacapnia trava (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965)
Utaperla gaspesiana Harper and Roy, 1975
Utaperla sopladora Ricker, 1952
Viehoperla ada (Needham and Smith, 1916)
Visoka cataractae (Neave, 1933)
Yoraperla brevis (Banks, 1907)
Yoraperla mariana (Ricker, 1943)
Yoraperla nigrisoma (Banks, 1948)
Yoraperla siletz Stark and Nelson, 1994
Yugus arinus (Frison, 1942)
Yugus bulbosus (Frison, 1942)
Zapada chila (Ricker, 1952)
Zapada cinctipes (Banks, 1897)
Zapada columbiana (Claassen, 1923)
Zapada cordillera (Baumann and Gaufin, 1971)
Zapada frigida (Claassen, 1923)
Zapada glacier (Baumann and Gaufin, 1971)
Zapada haysi (Ricker, 1952)
Zapada katahdin Baumann and Mingo, 1987
Zapada oregonensis (Claassen, 1923)
Zapada wahkeena (Jewett, 1954)
Zealeuctra arnoldi Ricker and Ross, 1969
Zealeuctra cherokee Stark and Stewart, 1973
Zealeuctra claasseni (Frison, 1929)
Zealeuctra fraxina Ricker and Ross, 1969
Zealeuctra hitei Ricker and Ross, 1969
Zealeuctra narfi Ricker and Ross, 1969
Zealeuctra wachita Ricker and Ross, 1969
Zealeuctra warreni Ricker and Ross, 1969
Zwicknia acuta Murányi and Orci, 2014
Zwicknia bifrons (Newman, 1838)
Zwicknia gattolliati Vinçon and Reding, 2018
Zwicknia komica Murányi and Boumans, 2014
Zwicknia kovacsi Murányi and Gamboa, 2014
Zwicknia ledoarei Reding, Launay, Ruffoni, Vinçon and Boumans, 2016
Zwicknia rupprechti Murányi, Orci and Gamboa, 2014
Zwicknia sevanica (Zhiltzova, 1964)
Zwicknia tuberculata (Zhiltzova, 1964)
Zwicknia turkestanica (Kimmins, 1950)
Zwicknia westermanni Boumans and Murányi, 2014

Референце

Литература

Спољашње везе

Riley N.C. 1996. Tree of Life Web Project - Plecoptera Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (28. март 2019). Верзија 01.01.1996, Приступљено 31. 07. 2008.

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