1077

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Fall – Nikephoros Bryennios (the Elder), governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium in the western Balkans, and Nikephoros Botaneiates, a general (strategos) of the Theme of Anatolics (modern Turkey), are proclaimed emperors by their troops. Emperor Michael VII (Doukas) offers Bryennios the title of caesar (co-emperor) if he submits to his rule, but Bryennios refuses. He sets out from Dyrrhachium, and marches towards Constantinople.

Europe

• January 25 – Walk to Canossa: Emperor Henry IV travels to the Castle of Canossa near Reggio Emilia (Northern Italy), to visit Pope Gregory VII. He waits (with his wife Bertha of Savoy and son Conrad) at the gates for three days, for absolution of his excommunication. Gregory lifts the sentence, imposing on Henry a vow to comply with certain conditions (see Investiture Controversy).
• King Alfonso VI (the Brave) reaches an agreement with his cousin Sancho Ramírez, who is elected as king of Navarre. Alfonso annexes the territories of Álava, part of Gipuzkoa and La Bureba, he is crowned and adopts the title of Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Emperor of all Spain").^[1]
• March 14 – German nobles opposing king Henry IV elected an antiking, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, despite king Henry having been absolved.
• April 3 – Henry IV grants the County of Friuli (with ducal status) to Sigaerd of Beilstein, patriarch of Aquileia. He creates the first Parliament, representing the communes as well the nobility and clergy.
• Hugh I, duke of Burgundy, supports Sancho Ramírez (or Sancho V) in his conquest of the Castle of Muñones from Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir, who rules the Taifa of Zaragoza.^[2]
• King Mihailo I is given the title "King of the Slavs" by Gregory VII. He becomes the first recognized ruler of the kingdom of Duklja (modern Montenegro).

England

• Robert II (Curthose) instigates his first insurrection against his father, King William I (the Conqueror), in Normandy.
• The first recorded trial by combat is held between Wulfstan and Walter.
• August 14 – A fire destroys much of London.^[3]

Seljuk Empire

• Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, a cousin of late Sultan Alp Arslan, consolidates his leadership over the Oghuz Turks and founds the Sultanate of Rum (modern Turkey).^[4]
• Anushtegin Gharchai becomes governor (shihna) of Khwarezm and a vassal of the Seljuk Empire (until 1097).

Africa

• The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain (approximate date).

By topic

Arts

• The Bayeux Tapestry (embroidery) is completed, probably in England, possibly to unveil at the dedication of Bayeux Cathedral this year.^[5]

Religion

• September 1 – Pope Gregory VII appoints Landulf as bishop of Pisa. He makes him permanent legate of the Holy See in Corsica.^[6]
• Paul of Caen is installed as abbot of St. Albans in England. He commences the building of St. Albans Abbey Church.
• Pope Christodolos ends his reign as leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (modern Egypt).

• January 7 – Zhe Zong, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1100)
• Alexios Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat and governor
• Joseph ibn Migash, Spanish scholar and rabbi (d. 1141)
• Ye Mengde, Chinese scholar, minister and poet (d. 1148)

• April 11 – Anawrahta, founder of the Pagan Empire (b. 1014)
• April 25 – Géza I (Magnus), king of Hungary
• October 14 – Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine nobleman
• November 27 – Landulf VI, prince of Benevento
• December 14 – Agnes of Poitou, Holy Roman Empress
• December 21 – Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Persian historian (b. 995)
• December 27 – Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1027)
• date unknown
  • Eleanor of Normandy, countess of Flanders (b. 1010)
  • Minamoto no Takakuni, Japanese nobleman (b. 1004)
  • Roussel de Bailleul, Norman warrior and military leader
  • Shao Yong, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1011)
  • Zhang Zai, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1020)