1510

January–June

• January – Catherine of Aragon gives birth to her first child, a stillborn daughter.^[1]
• January 23 – An 18-year-old Henry VIII of England jousts anonymously at Richmond, Surrey and draws applause, before revealing his identity.^[2][3]
• January 29 – The Mary Rose ship is laid out.^[4] The next year the ship is launched on July 29, 1511, and is afterwards towed to London to be fitted, and is finally completed in 1512.^[5] In 1545, during the Battle of the Solent, she sank.^[6]: 2 The reason for her sinking is disputed with contemporary accounts claiming the ship was heeled over or sank by French ships with gunfire, although modern historians believe it was sunk due to being unstable.^{[6]: 22–23}
• February 27–November 25 – Portuguese conquest of Goa: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa.^[7]
• March 1 – Battle of Salt River: Indigenous ǃUriǁʼaekua decisively defeat sailors of the Portuguese Empire in South Africa.^[8]
• May 12 – The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan, Prince of Anhua, kills all the officials invited to a banquet, and declares his intent on ousting the powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin, during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor in China.^[9]
• May 30 – Rebel leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated and captured by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Prince of Anhua rebellion.^[9]

July–December

• July – The Holy League, formed to defend the Italian States, attacks French-occupied Genoa. The 1510 influenza pandemic reaches Sicily, where it is nicknamed coccolucio, before spreading to the Italian states and the rest of Europe.
• August 10 – The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy is founded when Henrich Krummedige is appointed chief captain of all those who are at sea.^[10]
• September 3 – Sir Thomas More becomes undersheriff of the City of London.^[11]
• October 16 – Mingyi Nyo declares independence from the Ava Kingdom in upper Burma, by establishing the Toungoo dynasty.
• December 2 – Battle of Marv: Shah Ismail I's defeats the Uzbek forces of Shaybani Khan, in Khorasan.^{[12]: 67–68} Shaybani flees the battle only to be captured and killed by Ismail I troops, his head is turned into a skull cup used as a drinking goblet.^{[12]: 68–69}

Date unknown

• The Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III conquers Pskov.^[13]
• Paolo Cortese [eo; es; fr; it; nl] publishes De Cardinalatu, a manual for cardinals, including advice on palatial architecture – which inspires Thomas Wolsey in his construction work at Hampton Court Palace.^[14]
• Sunflowers are brought to Europe by Spaniards.^[15]

• February 24 – Costanzo II Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1512)^[16]
• March 25 – Guillaume Postel, French linguist (d. 1581)^[17]
• March 30 – Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (d. 1566)^[18]
• June 6 – Giovanni Battista Cicala, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1570)^[19]
• August 11 – Margaret Paleologa, Sovereign Marchioness of Montferrat (1531–1540) (d. 1566)^[20]
• August 24 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (1525–1540) (d. 1558)^[21]
• October 6
  • Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (d. 1555)
  • John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)^[22]
• October 25 – Renée of France, French princess (d. 1574)^[23]
• October 28 – Francis Borgia, Spanish General of the Jesuits (d. 1572)^[24]
• December 28 – Nicholas Bacon, English politician (d. 1579)^[25]
• date unknown
  • Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (d. 1547)^[26]
  • Ferenc Dávid, Hungarian founder of the Unitarian Church (d. 1579)^[27]
  • Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist (d. 1574)^[28]
  • Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (d. 1551)^[29]
  • Bernard Palissy, French potter and writer^[30]
  • Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (d. 1537)^[31]
  • Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (d. 1590)^[32]
  • Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (d. 1571)^[33]
  • Pierre de Manchicourt, Flemish composer (d. 1564)^[34]
  • Gracia Mendes Nasi, Portuguese businessperson and philanthropist (d. 1569)^[35]
  • Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Spanish conquistador (d. 1554)^[36]
• probable
  • Tullia d'Aragona, Italian poet, author and philosopher (d. 1556)^[37]
  • Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar (d. 1576)^[38]
  • Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (d. 1586)^[39]
  • Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and author (d. 1565)^[40]
  • Claudio Veggio, Italian composer^[41]

• February 1 – Sidonie of Poděbrady, Bohemian princess, duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1449)^[42]
• February 28 – Juan de la Cosa, Spanish cartographer and explorer (b. c. 1460)^[43]
• March 1 – Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer (b. c. 1450)^[44]
• March 10 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher (b. 1445)^[45]
• March 12 – Mihnea cel Rău, Prince of Wallachia (b. c. 1460)^[46]
• May 17 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (b. 1445)^[47]
• May 25 – Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, aka Monseigneur le Ledat. Adviser to King Louis XII of France. (b. 1460)^[48]
• July 10 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1454)^[49]
• July 14 – Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the Scottish throne (b. 1509)^[50]
• July 27 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian condottiere (b. 1466)^[51]
• August 17
  • Edmund Dudley, English statesman (b. c. 1462)^[52]
  • Richard Empson, English statesman^[52]
• September 15 – Saint Catherine of Genoa (b. 1447)^[53]
• September 17 – Giorgione, Italian painter (b. c. 1477)^[54]
• September 18 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1488)^[55]
• November 11 – Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer (b. 1461)
• December 2 – Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of Bukhara (b. 1451)^{[12]: 68–69}
• December 14 – Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473)^[56]
• December 31 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1472)^[57]
• date unknown
  • Agüeybaná, Taino chief^[58]
  • Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi, Italian regent (b. 1478)
  • Mandukhai Khatun, Mongolian queen