1844–45 United States House of Representatives elections

1844–45 United States House of Representatives elections
All 228 seats in the United States House of Representatives; 115 seats needed for a majority
	Results:; Democratic hold Democratic gain; Whig hold Whig gain; Know Nothing gain
Speaker before election; John Jones; Democratic	Elected Speaker ; John Davis; Democratic

The 1844–45 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 1, 1844, and November 4, 1845. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. 224 elected members representing 27 states took their seats when the first session of the 29th United States Congress convened on December 1, 1845. The new state of Florida elected its first representative during this election cycle, while one vacancy in New Hampshire's delegation remained unfilled for the duration of the 29th Congress.

The House elections spanned the 1844 presidential election, won by dark horse Democratic candidate James K. Polk, who advocated territorial expansion.

Democrats lost six seats but retained a large majority over the rival Whigs. The new American Party, based on the nativist "Know Nothing" movement characterized by opposition to immigration and anti-Catholicism, gained six seats.

Election summaries

One seat was added for the new State of Florida.^[3] Texas and Iowa were admitted during this next Congress, but their initial elections were held in 1846.

↓
142	6	79
Democratic	^[e]	Whig

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Democratic		Know Nothing		Whig
State	Type	Date	Total seats	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Louisiana	District	July 1–3, 1844	4	3	1	0		1	1
Illinois	District	August 5, 1844	7	6		0		1
Missouri	At-large	August 5, 1844	5	5		0		0
Georgia	District^[f]	August 7, 1844	8	4	4	0		4	4
Vermont	District	September 3, 1844	4	1		0		3
Maine	District	September 9, 1844	7	6	1	0		1	1
Arkansas	At-large	October 8, 1844	1	1		0		0
Ohio	District	October 8, 1844	21	13	1	0		8	1
Pennsylvania	District	October 8, 1844	24	12		2	2	10	2
New Jersey	District	October 9, 1844	5	1	3	0		4	3
South Carolina	District	October 14–15, 1844	7	7		0		0
Michigan	District	November 5, 1844	3	3		0		0
Massachusetts	District	November 11, 1844	10	0	2	0		10	2
New York	District	November 11, 1844	34	21	3	4	4	9	1
Delaware	At-large	November 12, 1844	1	0		0		1
Late electionsfter the March 4, 1845 beginning of term
New Hampshire	At-large	March 11, 1845	4^[c]	3	1	0		0
Rhode Island	District	April 2, 1845	2	0		0		2	2^[g]
Connecticut	District	April 7, 1845	4	0	4	0		4	4
Virginia	District	April 24, 1845	15	14	2	0		1	2
Florida^[h]	At-large	May 26, 1845	1	1	1	0		0
Alabama	District	August 4, 1845	7	6		0		1
Indiana	District	August 4, 1845	10	8		0		2
Kentucky	District	August 4, 1845	10	3	1	0		7	2
North Carolina	District	August 7, 1845	9	6	1	0		3	1
Tennessee	District	August 7, 1845	11	6		0		5
Maryland	District	October 1, 1845	6	4	4	0		2	4
Mississippi	At-large	November 3–4, 1845	4	4		0		0
Total			224^[b]^[c]	142 62.6%	6	6 2.6%	6	79 34.8%	6

Popular vote

Democratic			50.02%
Whig			44.79%
Know Nothing			2.09%
Law & Order			0.12%
Independent			1.25%
Others			1.73%

House seats

Democratic			61.67%
Whig			35.68%
Know Nothing			2.64%

Special elections

Louisiana's 4th district

Alabama

Elections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Alabama 1
Alabama 2
Alabama 3
Alabama 4
Alabama 5
Alabama 6
Alabama 7

Arkansas

The election was held October 8, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arkansas at-large	Edward Cross	Democratic	1838	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌ Y Archibald Yell (Democratic) 59.3% ▌David Walker (Whig) 40.1% ▌Lewis B. Tully (Independent) 0.6%^[4]

Connecticut

Elections were held April 7, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Connecticut 1
Connecticut 2
Connecticut 3
Connecticut 4

Delaware

The election was held November 12, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Delaware at-large

Florida

The election was held May 26, 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida at-large	None (New state)			New seat. New member elected late on May 26, 1845. Democratic gain. Winner did not serve, having also been elected U.S. senator.	▌ Y David Levy Yulee (Democratic) 60.3 ▌Benjamin A. Putnam (Whig) 39.7%

Georgia

Elections were held August 7, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Georgia 1
Georgia 2
Georgia 3	Absalom H. Chappell Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1842	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌ Y Washington Poe (Whig) 50.73% ▌Absalom H. Chappell (Democratic) 49.27%^[5]
Georgia 4	Hugh A. Haralson Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Hugh A. Haralson (Democratic) [data missing]
Georgia 5	John H. Lumpkin Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y John H. Lumpkin (Democratic) [data missing]
Georgia 5	William H. Stiles Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1842	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	▌ Y John H. Lumpkin (Democratic) [data missing]
Georgia 6	Howell Cobb Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Howell Cobb (Democratic) [data missing]
Georgia 7	Alexander H. Stephens Redistricted from the at-large district	Whig	1843 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Alexander H. Stephens (Whig) [data missing]
Georgia 8	Edward J. Black Redistricted from the at-large district	Democratic	1838 1840 (lost) 1841 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌ Y Robert Toombs (Whig) 58.50% ▌Edward J. Black (Democratic) 41.50%^[6]

Illinois

Elections were held August 5, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Illinois 1
Illinois 2
Illinois 3
Illinois 4
Illinois 5
Illinois 6
Illinois 7

Indiana

Elections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Indiana 1
Indiana 2
Indiana 3
Indiana 4
Indiana 5
Indiana 6
Indiana 7
Indiana 8
Indiana 9
Indiana 10

Iowa Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Kentucky

Elections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kentucky 1
Kentucky 2
Kentucky 3
Kentucky 4
Kentucky 5
Kentucky 6
Kentucky 7
Kentucky 8
Kentucky 9
Kentucky 10

Louisiana

Elections were held July 1–3, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Louisiana 1
Louisiana 2
Louisiana 3
Louisiana 4

Maine

Elections were held September 9, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maine 1
Maine 2
Maine 3
Maine 4
Maine 5
Maine 6
Maine 7

Maryland

Late elections to the 28th Congress

Maryland elected its members to the 28th Congress on February 14, 1844, after that Congress had already convened in 1843 and long after the 1842–1843 election cycle.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maryland 1	Isaac D. Jones	Whig	1841	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌ Y John Causin (Whig) 57.94% ▌Walter Bowie (Democratic) 42.06%
Maryland 2
Maryland 3
Maryland 4
Maryland 5
Maryland 6

Regular elections to the 29th Congress

Maryland's October 1, 1845 elections were after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maryland 1	John Causin	Whig	1844	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌ Y John Grant Chapman (Whig) 52.18% ▌Henry G. Kay (Democratic) 47.82%
Maryland 2
Maryland 3
Maryland 4
Maryland 5
Maryland 6

Massachusetts

Elections were held November 11, 1844. At least one district, however, had multiple ballots stretching into 1846.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1
Massachusetts 2
Massachusetts 3
Massachusetts 4	William Parmenter	Democratic	1836	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected on the second ballot. Whig gain.	First ballot (November 11, 1844): ▌Benjamin Thompson (Whig) 45.78% ▌William Parmenter (Democratic) 44.52% ▌Thomas M. Ward (Liberty) 8.55% ▌Abraham R. Thompson (Unknown) 1.15%^[7] Second ballot (December 23, 1844): ▌ Y Benjamin Thompson (Whig) 51.71% ▌William Parmenter (Democratic) 43.23% ▌Thomas M. Ward (Liberty) 5.06%^[8]
Massachusetts 5
Massachusetts 6
Massachusetts 7	Julius Rockwell	Whig	1844 (late)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Julius Rockwell (Whig) 51.62% ▌Increase Sumner (Democratic) 39.92% ▌Joel Hayden (Liberty) 7.40% ▌Caleb Bennett (Unknown) 1.07%^[9]
Massachusetts 8	John Quincy Adams	Whig	1830	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y John Quincy Adams (Whig) 57.12% ▌Isaac H. Wright (Democratic) 37.71% ▌Appleton Howe (Liberty) 5.18%^[10]
Massachusetts 9	Henry Williams	Democratic	1836	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected on the ninth ballot. Whig gain.	First ballot (November 11, 1844): ▌Henry Williams (Democratic) 44.52% ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 45.78% ▌Laban M. Wheaton (Liberty) 8.55% ▌Job Terry (Know Nothing) 1.15%^[11] Second ballot (December 23, 1844): ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 46.55% ▌Henry Williams (Democratic) 46.18% ▌Caleb Swan (Liberty) 7.27%^[12] Third ballot (February 10, 1845): ▌Henry Williams (Democratic) 46.60% ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 46.21% ▌Caleb Swan (Liberty) 7.19%^[13] Fourth ballot (April 28, 1845): ▌Henry Williams (Democratic) 47.13% ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 43.66% ▌Caleb Swan (Liberty) 7.93% ▌Job Terry (Know Nothing) 1.28%^[14] Fifth ballot (September 1, 1845): ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 44.48% ▌Henry Williams (Democratic) 43.43% ▌Laban M. Wheaton (Liberty) 9.40% ▌Job Terry (Know Nothing) 2.69%^[15] Sixth ballot (November 10, 1845): ▌Peter H. Pierce (Democratic) 44.17% ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 42.90% ▌Laban M. Wheaton (Liberty) 9.32% ▌Job Terry (Know Nothing) 3.62%^[16] Seventh ballot (December 29, 1845): ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 45.40% ▌Peter H. Pierce (Democratic) 44.45% ▌Laban M. Wheaton (Liberty) 8.66% ▌Job Terry (Know Nothing) 1.49%^[17] Eighth ballot (February 2, 1846): ▌Artemas Hale (Whig) 44.39% ▌Peter H. Pierce (Democratic) 47.31% ▌Laban M. Wheaton (Liberty) 7.43%^[18] Ninth ballot (November 9, 1846): ▌ Y Artemas Hale (Whig) 50.64% ▌Foster Hooper (Democratic) 37.34% ▌Laban M. Wheaton (Liberty) 10.35% ▌Job Terry (Know Nothing) 1.67%^[19]
Massachusetts 10

Michigan

Elections were held November 5, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Michigan 1	Robert McClelland	Democratic	1843	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Robert McClelland (Democratic) 51.2% ▌Edwin Lawrence (Whig) 43.9% ▌Charles H. Stewart (Liberty) 4.9%^[20]
Michigan 2	Lucius Lyon	Democratic	1843	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌ Y John S. Chipman (Democratic) 48.0% ▌Henry W. Taylor (Whig) 45.7% ▌Edwin A. Atlee (Liberty) 6.3%^[21]
Michigan 3	James B. Hunt	Democratic	1843	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y James B. Hunt (Democratic) 51.3% ▌George W. Wisner (Whig) 42.9% ▌William Caulfield (Liberty) 5.8%^[22]

Mississippi

Elections were held November 3–4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Mississippi at-large (4 seats)	Jacob Thompson	Democratic	1839	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Jacob Thompson (Democratic) 16.81% ▌ Y Jefferson Davis (Democratic) 16.63% ▌ Y Stephen Adams (Democratic) 16.42% ▌ Y Robert W. Roberts (Democratic) 16.17% ▌Patrick W. Tompkins (Whig) 11.05% ▌Peter B. Starke (Whig) 10.64% ▌Walker Brooke (Whig) 10.40% Scattering 1.89%^[23]
	William H. Hammett	Democratic	1843	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.
	Robert W. Roberts	Democratic	1843	Incumbent re-elected.
	Tilghman Tucker	Democratic	1843	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.

Missouri

Elections were held at-large on a general ticket August 5, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Missouri at-large 5 seats					(Elected on a general ticket) ▌ Y John S. Phelps (Democratic) 12.02% ▌ Y James B. Bowlin (Democratic) 11.84% ▌ Y James H. Relfe (Democratic) 11.84% ▌ Y Sterling Price (Democratic) 11.72% ▌ Y Leonard H. Sims (Democratic) 9.43% ▌Thomas B. Hudson (Whig) 9.43% ▌John Thornton (Whig) 9.24% ▌Ratliff Boon (Whig) 9.10% ▌Augustus Jones (Whig) 9.09% ▌D. C. Parsons (Democratic) 6.29%^[24]

New Hampshire

Elections were held at-large on a general ticket March 11, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire at-large 4 seats	Edmund Burke	Democratic	1839	Incumbent retired. New member (Moulton) elected. Democratic hold.	(Elected on a general ticket) First ballot (March 11, 1845): ▌ Y Mace Moulton (Democratic) 13.53% ▌ Y James Hutchins Johnson (Democratic) 13.49% ▌ Y Moses Norris Jr. (Democratic) 13.19% ▌John Woodbury (Democratic) 12.12% ▌Thomas M. Edwards (Whig) 8.25% ▌George W. Nesmith (Whig) 8.24% ▌Ichabod Goodwin (Whig) 8.17% ▌Joseph Sawyer (Whig) 7.63% ▌John P. Hale (Independent) 4.23% ▌Reuben Porter (Liberty) 2.86% ▌Humphrey Moore (Liberty) 2.73% ▌Joseph Cilley (Liberty) 2.62% ▌Jacob Perkins (Liberty) 2.37%^[25] Second ballot (August 23, 1845): ▌John Woodbury (Democratic) 48.42% ▌Ichabod Goodwin (Whig) 28.18% ▌John P. Hale (Independent) 23.39%^[26] Third ballot (November 29, 1845): ▌John Woodbury (Democratic) 47.57% ▌Ichabod Goodwin (Whig) 29.11% ▌John P. Hale (Independent) 23.33%^[27] Fourth ballot (March 10, 1846): ▌John Woodbury (Democratic) 48.82% ▌Ichabod Goodwin (Whig) 30.28% ▌John P. Hale (Independent) 20.90%^[28]
	John Randall Reding	Democratic	1841	Incumbent retired. New member (Johnson) elected. Democratic hold.
	Moses Norris Jr.	Democratic	1843	Incumbent re-elected.
	John P. Hale	Democratic	1843	No candidate elected on the fourth ballot; seat vacant. Democratic loss.

New Jersey

Elections were held October 9, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Jersey 1
New Jersey 2
New Jersey 3
New Jersey 4
New Jersey 5

New York

Elections were held November 11, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York 1
New York 2
New York 3
New York 4
New York 5
New York 6
New York 7
New York 8
New York 9
New York 10
New York 11
New York 12
New York 13
New York 14
New York 15
New York 16
New York 17
New York 18
New York 19
New York 20
New York 21
New York 22
New York 23
New York 24
New York 25
New York 26
New York 27
New York 28
New York 29
New York 30
New York 31
New York 32
New York 33
New York 34

North Carolina

Elections were held August 7, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1
North Carolina 2
North Carolina 3
North Carolina 4
North Carolina 5
North Carolina 6
North Carolina 7
North Carolina 8
North Carolina 9

Ohio

Elections were held October 8, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Ohio 1
Ohio 2
Ohio 3
Ohio 4
Ohio 5
Ohio 6
Ohio 7
Ohio 8
Ohio 9
Ohio 10
Ohio 11
Ohio 12
Ohio 13
Ohio 14
Ohio 15
Ohio 16
Ohio 17
Ohio 18
Ohio 19
Ohio 20
Ohio 21

Pennsylvania

Elections were held October 8, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania 1
Pennsylvania 2
Pennsylvania 3
Pennsylvania 4
Pennsylvania 5
Pennsylvania 6
Pennsylvania 7
Pennsylvania 8
Pennsylvania 9
Pennsylvania 10
Pennsylvania 11
Pennsylvania 12
Pennsylvania 13
Pennsylvania 14
Pennsylvania 15
Pennsylvania 16
Pennsylvania 17
Pennsylvania 18
Pennsylvania 19
Pennsylvania 20
Pennsylvania 21
Pennsylvania 22
Pennsylvania 23
Pennsylvania 24

Rhode Island

Elections were held April 2, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island 1
Rhode Island 2

South Carolina

Elections were held October 14–15, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 1
South Carolina 2
South Carolina 3
South Carolina 4
South Carolina 5
South Carolina 6
South Carolina 7

Tennessee

Elections were held August 7, 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Andrew Johnson	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Andrew Johnson (Democratic) 56.27% ▌William B. Brownlow (Whig) 43.73%^[29]
Tennessee 2	William T. Senter	Whig	1842	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌ Y William M. Cocke (Whig) 45.03% ▌George S. Gilbert (Democratic) 35.63% ▌Lewis Reneau (Independent Whig) 19.34%^[30]
Tennessee 3	Julius W. Blackwell	Democratic	1842	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain.	▌ Y John H. Crozier (Whig) 51.41% ▌Julius W. Blackwell (Democratic) 48.59%^[31]
Tennessee 4	Alvan Cullom	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Alvan Cullom (Democratic) 93.06% ▌Isaac Clendenon (Unknown) 6.94%^[32]
Tennessee 5	George W. Jones	Democratic	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y George W. Jones (Democratic) 100%^[33]
Tennessee 6	Aaron V. Brown	Democratic	1839	Incumbent retired to run for Governor. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌ Y Barclay Martin (Democratic) 57.93% ▌William D. Kindrick (Whig) 42.07%^[34]
Tennessee 7	David W. Dickinson	Whig	1842	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold.	▌ Y Meredith P. Gentry (Whig) 67.94% ▌Charles L. Nelson (Democratic) 32.06%^[35]
Tennessee 8	Joseph H. Peyton	Whig	1842	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Joseph H. Peyton (Whig) 55.33% ▌William Trousdale (Democratic) 44.67%^[36]
Tennessee 9	Cave Johnson	Democratic	1839	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌ Y Lucien B. Chase (Democratic) 57.56% ▌John J. Mathewson (Whig) 42.44%^[37]
Tennessee 10	John B. Ashe	Whig	1842	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain.	▌ Y Frederick P. Stanton (Democratic) 52.76% ▌Phineas T. Scruggs (Whig) 47.24%^[38]
Tennessee 11	Milton Brown	Whig	1841	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Milton Brown (Whig) 60.96% ▌Nelson Hess (Democratic) 39.04%^[39]

Vermont

Elections were held September 3, 1844.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Vermont 1
Vermont 2
Vermont 3
Vermont 4

Virginia

Elections were held April 24, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 1
Virginia 2
Virginia 3
Virginia 4
Virginia 5
Virginia 6
Virginia 7
Virginia 8
Virginia 9
Virginia 10
Virginia 11
Virginia 12
Virginia 13
Virginia 14
Virginia 15

Wisconsin Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

District	Incumbent			This race
District	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates^[40]
Iowa Territory at-large	Augustus C. Dodge	Democratic	1840	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Augustus C. Dodge (Democratic) [data missing]
Wisconsin Territory at-large	Henry Dodge	Democratic	1840	Incumbent retired to become territorial governor of Wisconsin. New delegate elected on an unknown date. Democratic hold.	▌ Y Morgan L. Martin (Democratic) [data missing]

Notes

References

Bibliography

Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

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1844–45 United States House of Representatives elections

Election summaries

Special elections

Alabama

Arkansas

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa Territory

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Late elections to the 28th Congress

Regular elections to the 29th Congress

Massachusetts

Michigan

Mississippi

Missouri

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Vermont

Virginia

Wisconsin Territory

Non-voting delegates

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links