1901 Nobel Peace Prize

Jean-Henri Dunant

Witnessing the aftermath of the 1859 Battle of Solferino in Northern Italy, whereupon he saw thousands of Italian, French and Austrian soldiers killing and maiming each other, Henri Dunant, a Swiss businessman, took the initiative of establishing a neutral aid organization to help the sick and wounded on the battlefield. The result was the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863 with the assistance of jurist Gustave Moynier, army general Henri Dufour, and doctors Théodore Maunoir and Louis Appia – all would become the founding fathers of the Red Cross Committee – and the adoption of the Geneva Convention in the following year. It laid down the realization of Dunant's idea for an independent organization to care and rescue for wounded soldiers. Dunant write a book recording his experiences, Un Souvenir de Solferino ("A Memory of Solferino", 1862), which he uses as a reminder for his humanitarian advocacy and inspiration for his cause.^[3][4][5]

Frédéric Passy

As a prominent economist and politician, Frédéric Passy was involved in many pacifist causes. He founded the first French Peace Society, which held a congress in Paris during the 1878 World Exhibition and also was one of the founding fathers of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, an organization for cooperation between the elected representatives of different countries. As an independent leftist republic in the French Chamber of Deputies, he opposed France's colonial policy since it went against the principles of free trade and maintained that free trade between independent nations promoted peace. Passy continued to campaigning for peace despite his advanced age. Despite his economic works gaining little traction, his efforts in the peace movement resulted in him being recognized as the "dean of European peace activists".^[6][7]

Nominations

Henri Dunant was nominated with 20 separate nominations from politicians, academics and heads of peace societies.^[8] Frédéric Passy, on the other hand, earned 42, making it the highest number of nominations for the year.^[9] In total, the newly formed Norwegian Nobel Committee received 137 nominations for 29 individuals and 6 organizations including Charles Albert Gobat and Élie Ducommun (both awarded in 1902), William Randal Cremer (awarded in 1903), Nicholas II of Russia, Herbert Spencer, Gustave Moynier, Leo Tolstoy, Fredrik Bajer (awarded in 1908), Friedrich Martens, The Institute of International Law (awarded in 1904) and Inter-Parliamentary Union. The Austrian author Bertha von Suttner (awarded in 1905) and American politician Belva Ann Lockwood were the first two women nominated for the peace prize.^[10]

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize

No.	Nominee	Country/ Headquarters	Motivations	Nominator(s)
Individuals
1	Fredrik Bajer (1837–1922)	Denmark	"Bajer promoted Nordic neutrality and brotherhood. He was one of the initiators and founders of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, and he was the first president of the Peace Bureau. He was also member of the council of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. He organized peace work both in Denmark and internationally, both popular peace movements and parliamentary peace work. He was Scandinavia's most prominent peace advocate."	Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen (1864–1939)[a]
				Sofus Høgsbro (1822–1902)[b]
2	Konrad Beyer (1834–1906)	Germany	No motivation given for nomination.	Emil Jonas (?)[c]
3	Jan Gotlib Bloch (1836–1902)	Russia (  Poland)	"Bloch was nominated for his work The Future of War in its Technical, Economic and Political Relations (6 vols., 1898). One of his conclusions was that there would be no decisive victories in future land wars between great powers; the armies would entrench themselves and the ensuing deadlock would last for years. Armed conflict would be determined not by military success but by the eventual economic collapse of societies."	Michał Jan Rostworowski (1864–1940)
				Costantino Nigra (1828–1907)[d]
				Samuel Baart de la Faille (1871–1917)[e]
				Franciszek Kasparek (1844–1903)
				Philippe Sagnac (1868–1954)
4	William Randal Cremer (1828–1908)	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	"Cremer established the International Arbitration League in 1870. He initiated an arbitration treaty between Great Britain and the United States. He organized and promoted inter-parliamentary peace conferences, and he was editor of the journal The Arbitrator. He was the only labor leader in the peace movement. He was also one of the founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union."	Samuel van Houten (1837–1930)
				Philip James Stanhope (1847–1923)[f]
				Ernst Beckman (1850–1924)
				Albert Apponyi (1846–1933)[g]
				37 members of the Swedish Parliament
				Włodzimierz Gniewosz (1838–1909)[h]
				Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)[i]
				Peter Pirquet (1838–1906)[h]
				Heinrich Lammasch (1853–1920)[d]
5	Édouard Descamps (1847–1933)	Belgium	"Descamps was nominated for his inter-parliamentary peace work. President of the sixth Inter-Parliamentary Peace Conference in Brussels in 1895, and Belgian delegate to the peace conference at The Hague in 1899. He was elected Secretary General of the Institute of International Law in 1900. He wrote significant works on neutrality and disarmament, and he also contributed to the abolitionist movement."	professors at the University of Louvain[j]
				Albert Apponyi (1846–1933)[k]
				Peter Pirquet (1838–1906)[h]
				Ernest Lehr (1835–1919)[l]
				Thomas Erskine Holland (1835–1926)
				António de Macedo Papança (1852–1913)
				4 members of the German Parliament[m]
				Franz von Liszt (1851–1919)
				Manuel Torres Campos (1850–1918)
				Carl Goos (1835–1917)
				Włodzimierz Gniewosz (1838–1909)[h]
6	Élie Ducommun (1833–1906)	Switzerland	"Ducommun was the unpaid leader of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, and his work was therefore closely connected to it. He actively started working for peace in 1867 when he participated at the foundation of Ligue de la Paix et de la Liberté. He advocated a pragmatic and practical approach to peace work, and he promoted international arbitration."	Ludwig Stein (1859–1930)[n]
				Ellen Robinson (1840–1912)
				Henri Morel (1838–1912)[o]
				Samuel Baart de la Faille (1871–1917)[e]
				3 professors at the University of Lausanne
				Lacheval (?)[p]
				Alfred Jeanhenry (1845–1902)[q]
7	Henri Dunant (1828–1910)	Switzerland	Dunant was one of the founders of the International Committee of the Red Cross and he was the initiator of the Geneva Convention.	Bernhard Getz (1850–1901)[r]
				Elias Sunde (1851–1910)[s]
				7 professors at the University of Amsterdam
				92 members of the Swedish Parliament
				40 members of the Württemberg Parliament
				Samuel Baart de la Faille (1871–1917)[e]
				24 members of the Württemberg Parliament[t]
				3 professors at the University of Brussels[u]
				Ole Anton Qvam (1834–1904)[v]
				Richard Kleen (1841–1923)[w]
8	Guglielmo Ferrero (1871–1942)	Italy	"Ferrero had given numerous lectures on militarism in Milan, and the lectures had been received with great acclaim by the people in Milan."	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (1833–1918)[x]
9	Charles Albert Gobat (1843–1914)	Switzerland	"Gobat was secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Bureau, which had been established at the Inter-Parliamentary Union's conference in 1892. He was the Union's leading administrator, organizing its meetings and publishing proceedings from its conferences. He was particularly preoccupied with the idea of international arbitration, and he was central to the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 1899. He was also a member of the Permanent International Peace Bureau."	John Theodor Lund (1842–1913)[y]
10	Edouard Linker (?)	Austria–Hungary	"for his thirty years in the service of the cause of peace and humanitarianism."	A. Vutkovitch (?)[z]
11	Belva Ann Lockwood (1830–1917)	United States	"Lockwood attended several international peace conferences. She supported Bajer in his work to found the Permanent International Peace Bureau, promoted arbitration and founded a branch of the Bureau in Washington. She was for a long time associated with the Universal Peace Union in Philadelphia. In 1879, Lockwood became the first woman allowed to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1884 and 1888, she ran for the U.S. presidency as candidate for the National Equal Rights Party."	members of the United States Senate
12	Eduard Loewenthal (1836–1917)	Germany	"Loewenthal was one of the earliest promoters of the necessity to establish a league of European states. He also promoted disarmament, reform of international law and the introduction of obligatory arbitration of disputes between states through an international system of "peace justice". He was instrumental in the founding of what was later known as the Inter-Parliamentary Union."	Hugo Hermes (1837–1915)
				Albert Traeger (1830–1912)
13	Friedrich Martens (1845–1909)	Russia	"Martens advocated international arbitration and he also worked to establish a codification of the laws of war. He often acted as mediator in disputes between European states."	Henning Matzen (1840–1910)
				Edgar Rouard de Card (1853–1934)
				professors at the University of Zagreb
14	Gaetano (Umano) Meale (1858–1927)	Italy	"Umano was nominated for his writings on peace. He had written extensively on such subjects as war and peace, patriotism, and he had also constructed a 'law on patriotism'."	Malachia De Cristoforis (1832–1915)
15	Gustave Moynier (1826–1910)	Switzerland	"Moynier was one of the founders of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and he was nominated for his efforts to organize its work. He drafted the Geneva Conventions. He was also one of the founders of the Institute of International Law."	Richard Kleen (1841–1923)[w]
16	Arthur Mülberger (1847–1907)	Germany	"Mülberger was nominated for his extensive thinking on war and peace, and especially for his book on P. J. Proudhon: Leben und Werke ("P. J. Proudhon: Life and Works", 1899), in which he expressed several ideas on how to deal with the issue of war and peace."	Friedrich Haussmann (1857–1907)
				Jean Allemane (1843–1935)[aa]
17	Czar Nicholas II of Russia	Russia	"Nicholas II initiated the first Hague Peace Conference in 1899. The Czar's intention was to seek agreements to limit armaments and the financial burden of excessive armament, and to improve the prospects of peaceful settlement of international conflicts and to codify the laws of war."	Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)[i]
				Peter Pirquet (1838–1906)[h]
				Costantino Nigra (1828–1907)[d]
				Heinrich Lammasch (1853–1920)[d]
				Włodzimierz Gniewosz (1838–1909)[h]
18	Beniamino Pandolfi Guttadauro (1836–1909)	Italy	"Pandolfi was nominated for his efforts to establish local peace associations (Venice and Turin) and the Italian Peace Society, and also for his inter-parliamentary peace work. He acted as mediator between Italy and Romania, and Italy and France, in an attempt to create greater understanding and a sense of brotherhood between these states."	Italian Inter-Parliamentary Group[ab]
19	Frédéric Passy (1822–1912)	France	"Passy's career as a peace worker began in 1856 with his opposition to the Crimean War. In 1867. he founded the first French Peace Society. He promoted free trade, pacifism, international law and arbitration. As a member of parliament (1881-1889), he also contributed to the founding of the Inter-Parliamentary Union."	Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen (1864–1939)[a]
				Sofus Høgsbro (1822–1902)[b]
				37 members of the Swedish Parliament
				Albert Apponyi (1846–1933)[g]
				Ernst Beckman (1850–1924)
				Samuel van Houten (1837–1930)
				professors at the University of Zagreb
				Alfred Jeanhenry (1845–1902)[q]
				5 members of the Swedish Parliament
				Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)[i]
				Peter Pirquet (1838–1906)[h]
				Costantino Nigra (1828–1907)[d]
				Heinrich Lammasch (1853–1920)[d]
				Włodzimierz Gniewosz (1838–1909)[h]
				Edvard Wavrinsky (1848–1924)
				Michel M. Kebedgy (?)
				Iakov Novikov (1849–1912)
				A. Lainez (?)
				Adolf Hedin (1834–1905)
				Jules Clère (1850–1934)
				Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914)[ac]
				Adolf Richter (1839–1914)
				Henri Morel (1838–1912)[o]
				Gaston Moch (1859–1935)[ad]
				Sebastião de Magalhães Lima (1850–1928)[ae]
				Henri La Fontaine (1854–1943)
				Samuel Baart de la Faille (1871–1917)[e]
				Felix Graf von Bothmer (1852–1937)
				Fredrik Bajer (1837–1922)
				members of the French Parliament
				members of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
20	Julian Pauncefote, 1st Baron Pauncefote (1828–1902)	Great Britain	"Pauncefote dealt successfully with the problems concerning seal fishing in the Bering Sea, the Venezuela Boundary Dispute, and the Panama Canal question (the Hay-Pauncefote Treaties 1899-1901). As a delegate to the First Hague Conference (1899), he was a leading figure in the formation of a permanent tribunal of arbitration."	John Theodor Lund (1842–1913)
21	Policarpo Petrocchi (1852–1902)	Italy	"for his pacifist work La Guerre ("The War", 1899)"	Alessandro Chiappelli (1857–1931)
22	Adolf Richter (1839–1914)	Germany	"Richter was chairman of the German Peace Association. One of the central figures of the early German peace movement. He attended international peace conferences and presided over the peace conference in Hamburg in 1897."	24 members of the Württemberg Parliament[t]
23	Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)	Great Britain	No motivation given for nomination.	Carl Hilty (1833–1909)
24	William Thomas Stead (1849–1912)	Great Britain	"Stead promoted peace and international arbitration. He attended several peace conferences, including The Hague (1899) and Kristiania (1899). Stead instigated the so-called "Peace Crusade" in England and Scotland, and he published the journal War Against War in South Africa (1885). He believed that the best guarantee for world peace would be a peace treaty between Great Britain and Russia. Stead also agitated vigorously against the Second Boer War."	John Theodor Lund (1842–1913)[af]
25	Jan Jacob Lodewijk ten Kate (1850–1929)	Netherlands	No motivation given for nomination.	Samuel Baart de la Faille (1871–1917)[e]
26	Bertha Sophie von Suttner (1843–1914)	Austria–Hungary	"Suttner was the author of the novel Die Waffen nieder! ("Lay Down Your Arms", 1889), the most important antiwar novel of the period. She was the founder and president of the Austrian Peace Society (1891), and she contributed to the foundation of the Permanent International Peace Bureau (1891). She was nominated for her contribution to the international peace movement."	E. N. Rahnsen (?)
				Albert Apponyi (1846–1933)[g]
				professors at the University of Zagreb
				Ferenc Kemény (1860–1944)
				Samuel Baart de la Faille (1871–1917)[e]
				Peter Pirquet (1838–1906)[h]
				Włodzimierz Gniewosz (1838–1909)[d]
				Heinrich Lammasch (1853–1920)[h]
				Costantino Nigra (1828–1907)[d]
				Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)[i]
27	Leo Tolstoy[ag] (1828–1910)	Russia	No motivation given for nomination.	Carl Hilty (1833–1909)
28	Otto Umfrid (1857–1923)	Germany	"Umfried was chairman of the Stuttgart Peace Society and vice-president of the German Peace Society. He worked hard to change the attitude of the German evangelical clergy towards peace. He wrote and published numerous articles on peace. His major work was Europa den Europäern: Politische Ketzereien."	24 members of the Würtemberg Parliament[t]
29	Louis-Léger Vauthier[ah] (1887–1963)	Switzerland	No motivation given for nomination.	C. Pajot (?)
Organizations
30	English Peace Society (founded in 1816)	London	No motivation given for nomination.	William Evans Darby (1844–1922)[ai]
31	Institute of International Law (IDI) (founded in 1873)	Ghent	"for its work to draft the first international arbitration regulations, and for its efforts to establish a codification of the laws of war."	Ernest Lehr (1835–1919)[l]
				Richard Kleen (1841–1923)[w]
32	International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (founded in 1863)	Geneva	"for its aim to help victims of war, both military personnel and civilians."	Alfred Martin (1839–1903)
33	Permanent International Peace Bureau (IPB) (founded in 1891)	Berlin	"The Peace Bureau organized peace conferences, and it collected and published peace literature. It was the heart of the European peace movement, and it coordinated the activities of the various national and non-governmental peace organizations."	Alfred Jeanhenry (1845–1902)[q]
				37 members of the Swedish Parliament
				Ludwig Stein (1859–1930)[n]
				Gaston Moch (1859–1935)[ad]
				Léon-Adrien de Montluc (1847–?)
				Hodgson Pratt (1824–1907)[aj]
				Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (1833–1918)[x]
				Émile Arnaud (1864–1921)
				Henri Morel (1838–1912)[o]
				Samuel Baart de la Faille (1871–1917)[e]
34	Inter-Parliamentary Union (founded in 1889)	Geneva	"The Inter-Parliamentary Union promoted international arbitration and organized annual inter-parliamentary conferences."	U.S. Inter-Parliamentary Group[ak]
				Belgian Inter-Parliamentary Group[ak]
				Portuguese Inter-Parliamentary Group[ak]
				Charles Albert Gobat (1843–1914)
				Eugène Richard (1843–1925)
				John Theodor Lund (1842–1913)
				Hans Jacob Horst (1848–1931)
				Carl Ludwig von Bar (1836–1913)
35	Societá Interregionale per la Pace, Unione Lombarda	Milan	"The Società interregionale per la pace, Unione Lombarda, was nominated for its efforts to peace and peace issues."	Edoardo Porro (1842–1902)

The following members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed by the Storting were responsible for the selection of the 1901 Nobel laureate in accordance with the will of Alfred Nobel:^[12]

1964 Norwegian Nobel Committee
Picture	Name	Position	Political Party	Other posts
	Jørgen Løvland (1848–1922)	Chairman	Liberal	Minister of Labour (1900–1903)
	John Theodor Lund (1842–1913)	Member	Liberal	former President of the Lagting (1893–1900)
	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910)	Member	Liberal	National Poet laureate; 1903 Nobel Prize laureate in Literature
	Johannes Steen (1827–1906)	Member	Liberal	6th Prime Minister of Norway (1898–1902) Minister of the Interior (1900–1902)
	Hans Jacob Horst (1848–1931)	Member	Liberal	President of the Lagting (1900–1903)