Access modifiers (or access specifiers) are keywords in object-oriented languages that set the accessibility of classes, methods, and other members. Access modifiers are a specific part of programming language syntax used to facilitate the encapsulation of components.[1]
In C++, there are only three access modifiers. C# extends the number of them to six,[2] while Java has four access modifiers, but three keywords for this purpose. In Java, having no keyword before defaults to the package-private modifier.
When the class is declared as public, it is accessible to other classes defined in the same package as well as those defined in other packages. This is the most commonly used specifier for classes. However, a class itself cannot be declared as private. If no access specifier is stated, the default access restrictions will be applied. The class will be accessible to other classes in the same package but will be inaccessible to classes outside the package. When we say that a class is inaccessible, it simply means that we cannot create an object of that class or declare a variable of that class type. The protected access specifier too cannot be applied to a class.
Names of keywords
C++ uses the three modifiers called public, protected, and private.[3] C# has the modifiers public, protected ,internal, private, protected internal, private protected, and file.[4] Java has public, package, protected, and private; package is the default, used if no other access modifier keyword is specified. The meaning of these modifiers may differ from one language to another. A comparison of the keywords, ordered from the most restrictive to the most open, and their meaning in these three languages follows. Their visibility ranges from the same class to the package where the class is defined to a general access permission. Below, the maximal access is written into the table.
In Swift, there are five different access levels relative to both the source file in which the entity is defined and the module containing that source file.[5]
| Keyword | C# | C++ | Java | Swift |
|---|---|---|---|---|
private | class | class and/or friend classes | class | enclosing declaration only + extensions of declaration in same file |
fileprivate | - | - | - | same file |
file | same file | - | - | - |
private protected | derived classes in the same assembly | - | - | - |
protected internal | same assembly and/or derived classes | - | - | - |
protected | derived classes | derived classes and/or friend classes | derived classes and/or within same package | - |
package | - | - | within its package | - |
internal | same assembly | - | - | same module |
public | everybody | everybody | everybody | everybody |
open | - | - | - | everybody + subclass outside module + override outside module |
Example in C++
#include <iostream>#include <conio.h>using std::cout;using std::endl;struct B { // default access modifier inside struct is public void set_n(int v) { n = v; } void f() { cout << "B::f" << endl; } protected: int m, n; // B::m, B::n are protected private: int x;}; struct D : B { using B::m; // D::m is public int get_n() { return n; } // B::n is accessible here, but not outside// int get_x() { return x; } // ERROR, B::x is inaccessible here private: using B::f; // D::f is private}; int main() { D d;// d.x = 2; // ERROR, private// d.n = 2; // ERROR, protected d.m = 2; // protected B::m is accessible as D::m d.set_n(2); // calls B::set_n(int) cout << d.get_n() << endl; // output: 2// d.f(); // ERROR, B::f is inaccessible as D::f B& b = d; // b references d and "views" it as being type B// b.x = 3; // ERROR, private// b.n = 3; // ERROR, protected// b.m = 3; // ERROR, B::m is protected b.set_n(3); // calls B::set_n(int)// cout << b.get_n(); // ERROR, 'struct B' has no member named 'get_n' b.f(); // calls B::f() return 0;}References
Notes
Bibliography
- Mayo, Joseph (2002), C Sharp Unleashed, Sams publishing, ISBN 9780672321221