Bania (caste)

The Hindi term baniyā is derived from Sanskrit vaṇija ("trader"), whereas the Marwari bā̃ṇyõ and Gujarati vāṇiyo are derived from Sanskrit vāṇija ("trader").^[7]

In Bengal the term Bania is a functional catch-all for moneylenders, indigenously developed bankers, readers of grocery items and spices, irrespective of caste.^[2]

The community is composed of several sub-castes including the Agarwal, Khandelwal, Maheshwari, Oswal, Porwad and Shrimali Baniyas, among others.^{[3][8][9][10]} Traditionally (dating to at least the 15th century), the Gujarati Baniyas had 84 divisions (as did Gujarati Brahmins), although many were simply formulaic. Subcastes are also divided into Visa and Dasa divisions, which are also centuries old, and prohibit intermarriage.^[11]

Banias as a caste are either Jains or Hindu, and other mercantile groups while having some overlap in business and cultural practices were sharply dilineated from Baniya identity.^[12] However, the term baniya has historically been applied to other mercantile communities who belong to other religions or castes.^[13] Most or all Hindu Banias are Vaishnavas and are followers of Vallabhacharya's Pushtimarg since the 16th century.^[14][13] It is hypothesized by historians that the Vaishnav Vaniyas of Gujarat are the descendants of the now-extinct Buddhist merchants who were formerly present in the region.^[13]

Baniyas are vegetarians, and some groups have greater restrictions on the foods that can be consumed. They also take care not to kill insects when preparing and eating food.^[15]

Baniyas were known to be hard working and frugal. Only minimum expenses would be made on clothing, food, and furniture.^[15]

During the day, Baniya boys were sent to schools called patshalas where they would learn business skills and habits. They learned how to read and write, as well as in secret merchant scripts that were hidden from non-Baniyas. They also learned ciphers, accounting, and arithmetic. The correctness of mathematical calculations was extremely important to Baniyas, and they learnt various methods and tricks so they could perform advanced mental arithmetic. A mercantile ethos was also instilled in the boys, as they learned the chief aim of life was to acquire wealth and only profitable transactions were worthwhile. After school hours, boys would spend time in the family shop and learn the business. After education was complete boys would try to start their own businesses and if successful, would be allowed to manage the family business.^[15]

When Baniyas made transactions, they often had dubious qualities that allowed the accumulation of many small profits. These include short-weighing, adulteration of products, and regular undervaluation of a debt repayments. They were also known for being well spoken when speaking to others, but were not confrontatious. They were very secretive about their business accounts, and would use secret scripts or illegible handwriting. Often two sets of account books were kept, one for showing officials if needed, and one only for family. Business dealings were kept within the family, and in cases of dispute other Baniyas would arbitrate in order to keep business deals secret from non-Baniyas. Their preference for compromises instead of confrontations often led non-Baniyas to think of them as cowardly.^[15]

In order to prepare for further business success, Baniyas also had to have high levels of information access. They had messengers, intelligence networks, and postal services in order to make sure that they knew about any important knowledge as early as possible. Such information was often used in speculation in futures exchanges, which in turn sometimes turned into gambling.^[15]

Honour was very important to Baniyas, which they called abru. Their honour was tied to their credit worthiness, which were valued higher than their lives. A bankrupt Baniya was stigmatised, and those who were caught to be dishonest with another Baniya were boycotted, bankrupted, and stigmatised. Honour was also tied to socioreligious conduct, as maintaining marital relations within the community, having a strong patriarch, and adherence to religious principles were all highly valued.^[15]

Wealthy Baniyas only spent large sums of money for specific purposes: hosting feasts, buying jewellery (mainly for women), construction of havelis, and the most honourable being donating to religious causes such as temples or religious festivals. Such displays of wealth allowed Baniyas to show their status and high honour.^[15]

Baniyas were very religious, with the Jain and Vaishnavs beliefs, rituals, prayers, and ceremonies being often very similar. Pushtimarg Vaishnavs would perform emotional seva to Krishna, and Jains would be austere and follow the Jain vows. Lakshmi Puja was performed by Baniyas, as it Lakshmi would be considered to bestow wealth and welfare on the family.^[15]

According to Basu, the culture of Gujarati Baniyas is viewed ambivalently by outsiders, stating "on the one hand, it is associated negatively with usury and commercial calculation, and on the other, it carries positive connotations of Jaina and Vaiṣṇava religious traditions that place special emphasis upon values of vegetarianism, nonviolence ( ahiṃsā ), and purity".^[13]

According to the Hindu Vedic varna system, they belong to the Vaishya varna.^[16]

• Shantidas Jhaveri, Indian jeweller, bullion trader, and moneylender^[17]
• Khushalchand Jhaveri, Indian jeweller and financier^[18]
• Gandhi family^[19]
  • Karamchand Gandhi^[19]
  • Mahatma Gandhi, Indian independence activist.^[19]
  • Kasturba Gandhi^[20]
• Premchand Roychand, 19th century Indian businessman and founder of Bombay Stock Exchange.^[21]
• Karsandas Mulji, Gujarati writer and social reformer^{[22][note 1]}
• Mangaldas Nathubhai, Gujarati merchant in Bombay^[24]
• Hargovinddas Kantawala, Gujarati writer^[22]
• Lalbhai Dalpatbhai, Gujarati industrialist^[17]
• Birla family, a prominent Business and Industrialist family.^{[25][note 2]}
• Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian independence activist.^[27][28]
• Krishnalal Jhaveri, Indian scholar and judge^[29]
• Maithili Sharan Gupt, Hindi poet.^[30]
• Sarabhai family, a prominent Business family.^[31]
  • Anasuya Sarabhai^[32]
  • Ambalal Sarabhai^[32]
  • Vikram Sarabhai, Indian scientist and founder of ISRO.^[33]
• Ram Manohar Lohia, Indian independence activist.^[34]
• Dhirubhai Ambani, 20th century Indian businessman.^[35]
• Amit Shah, Indian politician.^[36][37]
• Arvind Kejriwal, Indian politician and current Chief Minister of Delhi.^[38]
• Brij Behari Prasad, former Science and Technology minister in Lalu Prasad Yadav's cabinet.^[39]

• Vaishya

• Cheesman, David (1982). "'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 445–462. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015262. JSTOR 312116. S2CID 145722413.
• Metcalf, Thomas R. (December 1962). "The British and the Moneylender in Nineteenth-Century India". The Journal of Modern History. 34 (4): 390–397. doi:10.1086/239182. JSTOR 1880056. S2CID 145246030.