In computability theory, Bekić's theorem or Bekić's lemma is a theorem about fixed-points which allows splitting a mutual recursion into recursions on one variable at a time.[1][2][3] It was created by Austrian Hans Bekić (1936-1982) in 1969,[4] and published posthumously in a book by Cliff Jones in 1984.[5]
Bekić's theorem (called the "bisection lemma" in his notes)[4] is that the simultaneous least fixed point can be separated into a series of least fixed points on and , in particular:
In this presentation is defined in terms of . It can instead be defined in a symmetric presentation:[1][6][7]
Proof (Bekić):
since it is the fixed point. Similarly . Hence is a fixed point of . Conversely, if there is a pre-fixed point with , then and ; hence and is the minimal fixed point.
A variant of the theorem strengthens the conditions on and to be that they are complete lattices, and finds the least fixed point using the Knaster–Tarski theorem. The requirement for continuity of and can then be weakened to only requiring them to be monotonic functions.[1][3]
Categorical formulation
Bekić's lemma has been generalized to fix-points of endofunctors of categories (initial -algebras).[8]
Given two functors and such that all and exist, the fix-point is carried by the pair:
Usage
Bekić's theorem can be applied repeatedly to find the least fixed point of a tuple in terms of least fixed points of single variables. Although the resulting expression might become rather complex, it can be easier to reason about fixed points of single variables when designing an automated theorem prover.[9]