Biga is a type of pre-fermentation used in Italian baking. Many popular Italian breads, including ciabatta, are made using a biga.[1] Using a biga adds complexity to the bread's flavor[2][3] and is often used in breads that need a light, open texture with holes. Apart from adding to flavor and texture, a biga also helps to preserve bread by making it less perishable.[4]
Biga techniques were developed after the advent of baker's yeast as bakers in Italy moved away from the use of sourdough and needed to recover some of the flavor that was given up in this move. Bigas are usually dry and thick compared to a sourdough starter. This thickness is believed to give a biga its characteristic slightly nutty taste. Biga is usually made fresh every day, using a small amount of baker's yeast in a thick dough, which ranges 45–90% hydration as a baker's percentage, and is allowed to ferment from 12 to 16 hours to fully develop its flavor.
For some home bakers, biga is used to refer to naturally leavened sourdough made with a stiff starter, without using baker's yeast.
Etymology
For this leavening the term poolish is sometimes used , which derives from the mispronunciation of the English Polish or the German polnisch , i.e. Polish: it probably derives from the fact that the biga was known in Poland and was learned by the Austro-Hungarian bakers thanks to the Poles; from here it then arrived in England and the name should recall the nation of origin