Border Guard Forces

In 2008 the new constitution made it mandatory for insurgent groups to transition into a BGF before the government would agree to engage in peace talks.^[1] Following the government announcement on BGFs, the government set a deadline for all insurgent groups to transition into BGFs, and that all ceasefire agreements prior to the deadline would become "null and void". The deadline was originally set to be June 2009, but was delayed five times until September 2010.^[2][3]

In April 2009, Lieutenant General Ye Myint led a government entourage to meet with Kokang, Shan and Wa insurgent groups, to discuss plans to create "collective security" formed by insurgent groups and under the command of the Tatmadaw, which would eventually lead to the creation of the Border Guard Forces.^[4] In 2009, four of the insurgent groups, the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, the Kachin Defence Army (4th Brigade of the KIA), the New Democratic Army - Kachin (NDA-K) and the Pa-O National Organisation/Army (PNO/A), accepted the transition plan's terms and transformed into BGF groups.^[5]

On 20 August 2009, Tatmadaw soldiers and recently transitioned BGF groups gathered outside the town of Laukkai, Kokang, in preparation for an attempt to recapture the town from the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), after they refused to transform into a BGF.^[6][7]

The government changed its aggressive stance towards BGFs and ceasefires on 18 August 2011, when then President of Myanmar Thein Sein pledged to "make the ethnic issue a national priority" by offering open dialogue between the government and all insurgent groups, without the BGF requirement.^[2]

Karen Border Guard Forces

In 2010, a powerful commander of DKBA Saw Chit Thu accepted the Burma government’s demands to transform itself into the Border Guard Force, under the command of the Tatmadaw and serving as the leader.^[8]

Karen BGF Split

In January 2021, the Tatmadaw pressured Saw Chit Thu and other high-ranking officers, including Major Saw Mout Thon and Major Saw Tin Win, to resign from the BGF. Major Saw Mout Thon of BGF Battalion 1022 resigned on January 8, along with 13 commanders, 77 officers, and 13 battalions from 4 regiments who collectively signed and submitted their resignations.^[9] Amid controversy and under pressure, at least 7,000 BGF members resigned to protest the ouster of their top leaders. However, Saw refused to retire.^[10]

On 23 January 2024, Saw Chit Thu told the media that he discussed with Vice-Senior General Soe Win, the Deputy Commander-in-Chief, that the Border Guard Force (BGF), would no longer wish to accept money and supplies from the military. They aim to stand independently, and he also claimed that they don't want to fight against their fellow Karen people.^[11][12]On 6 March, the Karen BGF announced it would rename itself to the "Karen National Army" later in the month.^[13]

There are no official government guidelines regarding BGFs, but there are lines in the Burmese constitution that reference them. The following are de facto rules set by the Tatmadaw upon creation of the Border Guard Forces:^[2][4]

• BGFs may only operate in the area they are assigned by the government
• All members of a BGF are to be paid the same salary as a regular soldier in the Tatmadaw
• Each BGF is to have exactly 326 personnel, 30 of whom are to be regular Tatmadaw soldiers
• Important administrative positions are to be held only by Tatmadaw soldiers

Current Border Guard Forces

All according to Asia Foundation^[14]

Name	Years Active	Transformation Date(s)	Headquarters	Township(s)	BFG #	Notes
New Democratic Army – Kachin	1989-2009	8 November 2009	Pangwah	Chipwi Hsawlaw Waingmaw	1001-1003	Originated as a communist faction of the Kachin Independence Organisation
Kachin Defense Army	1990-2010	January 2010	Kawnghka	Kutkai	M12-M19	Originated as the 4th Brigade of the Kachin Independence Army
Lahu Democratic Front/Force	?-2010	30 March 2010/18 May 2010	Mongton	Mong Ton Tachileik Mong Yawng	1007-1009	BGF-1008 includes Jakuni militia forces alongside the LDF[15]
Karen Peace Force[16]	1997-2010	21-23 August 2010	Kawkareik	Kawkareik Kyain Seikgyi	1023	Originated as a battalion of the Karen National Liberation Army

Former Border Guard Forces

Name	Years Active	Transformation Date	Date of Change	Headquarters	Township(s)	Former BFG #	Notes
Karenni National People's Liberation Front	1978-2009, 2023-present	9 November 2009	13 June 2023	Loikaw Township	Loikaw Shadaw Demoso Hpruso Bawlakhe Hpasawng Mese Pekon[17]	1004-1005	Originated as a communist faction of the Karenni Army Joined anti-junta resistance in June 2023
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (BGF-faction)	1989-2009	4 December 2009	5 January 2024	Laukkai	Laukkai Konkyan	1006	Originated out of a mutiny against the MNDAA after the 2009 Kokang incident "Wiped out" and disarmed during the Battle of Laukkai[18]
Karen National Army (formerly the DKBA)	1994-2010, 2024-present	18-21 August 2010	11 January 2024	Myawaddy	Hpapun Hlaingbwe Myawaddy Kawkareik	1011-1022	Originated from Buddhist soldiers that split from the Karen National Liberation Army Brigade 5 split off in 2010 Distanced itself from junta since January 2024, with leader Colonel Saw Chit Thu announcing the BGF would refuse to fight, refuse junta salaries, and rename itself to the "Karen National Army"[19][20]