The papal conclave of March–April 1605 was convened on the death of Pope Clement VIII and ended with the election of Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici as Pope Leo XI on 1 April 1605. It was the first of two papal conclaves in 1605, with Leo dying on 27 April 1605, twenty-six days after he was elected, and the conclave to elect his successor being held in May. The conclave saw conflict regarding whether Cesare Baronius should be elected pope, and Philip III of Spain, the Spanish king, excluded both Baronius and the eventually successful candidate, Medici.[2][3] Philip's exclusion of Medici was announced by Cardinal Ávila after his election to the papacy, and the other cardinals did not view it as valid since Medici had already been elected pope.[4]
Nicholas II had reserved the right to elect the pope to the cardinal bishops, priests, and deacons of Rome in 1059.[5] The cardinal bishops were the highest rank, being the bishops of the ancient suburbicarian dioceses, the priests ranked next, who served as the titular head of historically important churches in Rome, and last ranked the cardinal deacons, who were nominally assigned one of the ancient diaconia where traditionally deacons had administered the temporal property of the Church of Rome. Cardinals were required to have been ordained at least to the rank of their order within the College of Cardinals, but could also be ordained to a higher order as well.[6]
In 1586, Pope Sixtus V mandated that the maximum number of cardinals would be seventy.[7] Of these, the College of Cardinals had sixty-nine total members at the time of Clement VIII's death, but only sixty were present for the first conclave of 1605 when it opened, and sixty-one total electors were present for the election of Leo XI.[1][8] The electors present had been created by six different popes: Pius IV, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, Gregory XIV, Innocent IX, and Clement VIII. Of these, Clement's creations were the most numerous, having created thirty-eight of the cardinal electors. Innocent IX had created one of the conclave's electors, Gregory XIV had created five, Sixtus V had created eleven, Gregory XIII had created four, and Pius IV had created one.[9][i]
Pietro Aldobrandini, the cardinal-nephew of Clement VIII, was the elector who controlled the largest number of votes with twenty-two of Clement's thirty-eight creations following his instructions. Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, the nephew of Sixtus V, controlled eight votes. Thirteen of the cardinal electors were loyal to the Spanish monarchy, and these electors and the faction loyal to Montalto were aligned. In addition to these groups, eight of the electors formed a faction that were loyal to the French crown.[10]
List of cardinal electors
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| Name | Rank[11][ii] | Created cardinal by[9] | Nationality | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tolomeo Gallio | Bishop | Pius IV | Italian | [12] |
| Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici[iii] | Bishop | Gregory XIII | Italian | [1] |
| François de Joyeuse | Bishop | Gregory XIII | French | [13] |
| Domenico Pinelli | Bishop | Sixtus V[iv] | Italian | [14] |
| Girolamo Bernerio | Bishop | Sixtus V[iv] | Italian | [14] |
| Agostino Valier | Priest | Gregory XIII | Italian | [15] |
| Antonio Maria Gallo | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [14] |
| Antonmaria Sauli | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [16] |
| Benedetto Giustiniani | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [17] |
| Giovanni Evangelista Pallotta | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [16] |
| Federico Borromeo | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [16] |
| Francesco Maria del Monte | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [16] |
| Gregorio Petrocchini | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [18] |
| Mariano Pierbenedetti | Priest | Sixtus V | Italian | [18] |
| Paolo Emilio Sfondrati | Priest | Gregory XIV | Italian | [19] |
| Ottavio Paravicini | Priest | Gregory XIV | Italian | [19] |
| Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona | Priest | Gregory XIV | Italian | [19] |
| Flaminio Piatti | Priest | Gregory XIV | Italian | [20] |
| Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce[v] | Priest | Innocent IX | Italian | [21] |
| Pietro Aldobrandini | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [22] |
| Francesco Maria Tarugi | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [22] |
| Ottavio Bandini | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [22] |
| Anne d'Escars de Givry | Priest | Clement VIII | French | [22] |
| Giovanni Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio Aldobrandini | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Camillo Borghese | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Caesar Baronius | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Lorenzo Bianchetti | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Francisco de Ávila | Priest | Clement VIII | Spanish | [23] |
| Francesco Mantica | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Pompeio Arrigoni | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Bonifazio Bevilacqua Aldobrandini | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Alfonso Visconti | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Domenico Toschi | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Girolamo Agucchi | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
| Paolo Emilio Zacchia | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [25] |
| Franz von Dietrichstein[vi] | Priest | Clement VIII | German | [24][26] |
| Robert Bellarmine | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| François de Sourdis | Priest | Clement VIII | French | [24] |
| Séraphin Olivier-Razali | Priest | Clement VIII | French | [27] |
| Filippo Spinelli | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Carlo Conti | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Carlo Gaudenzio Madruzzo | Priest | Clement VIII | German[vii] | [27] |
| Jacques Davy Duperron | Priest | Clement VIII | French | [24] |
| Innocenzo del Bufalo-Cancellieri | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Giovanni Delfino | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Giacomo Sannesio | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
| Girolamo Pamphili | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
| Ferdinando Taverna | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
| Anselmo Marzato | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
| Erminio Valenti | Priest | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
| Francesco Sforza | Deacon | Gregory XIII | Italian | [13] |
| Alessandro Peretti di Montalto | Deacon | Sixtus V | Italian | [28] |
| Odoardo Farnese | Deacon | Gregory XIV | Italian | [29] |
| Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [22] |
| Bartolomeo Cesi | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [23] |
| Alessandro d'Este | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Giovanni Battista Deti | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [24] |
| Silvestro Aldobrandini | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [22] |
| Giovanni Andrea Doria | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
| Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia | Deacon | Clement VIII | Italian | [1] |
Notes
Citations
References
- Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). Behind Locked Doors. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29463-2.
- Boudinhon, Auguste (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 321–323.
- "Cardinal Odoardo Farnese (Biographical details)". The British Museum. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- Cardella, Lorenzo (1793). Memorie storiche de' cardinali della santa romana Chiesa [Memories of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] (in Italian). Vol. V. Rome: Stamperia Pagliarini. OCLC 42022804.
- Freiherr von Pastor, Ludwig (1952) [1899]. Graf, Ernest (ed.). The History of the Popes. Vol. XXV. London: B. Herder Book Co. OCLC 221543126.
- Eubel, Konrad; van Gulik, Wilhelm (1913). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi [The Catholic Hierarchy of the Middle and Recent Ages] (in Latin). Vol. 3. Monasterii Sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae. OCLC 55180223.
- Giannini, Massimo Carlo (2015). "Piatti, Flaminio". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani [The Italian Biographical Dictionary] (in Italian). 83.
- Gauchat, Patrick (1960). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi [The Catholic Hierarchy of the Middle and Recent Ages] (in Latin). Vol. 4. Monasterii Sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae. OCLC 55180223.
- Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward Aloysius; Pallen, Condé Bénoist; Shahan, Thomas Joseph; Wynne, John Joseph (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Vol. 10. Encyclopedia Press.
- Pattenden, Miles (2017). Electing the Pope in early modern Italy, 1450–1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879744-9. OCLC 980220999.
- Squarzina, Silvia Danesi (1997). "The Collections of Cardinal Benedetto Giustiniani. Part I". The Burlington Magazine. 139 (1136): 766–791. JSTOR 887781.
