Deaflympics

The Deaflympics are held every four years, and are the longest running multi-sport event in history after the Olympics.^[3] The first games, held in Paris in 1924, were the first ever international sporting event for athletes with a disability.^[4] The event has been held every four years since, apart from a break for World War II, and an additional event, the Deaflympic Winter Games, was added in 1949.^[5] The games began as a small gathering of 148 athletes from nine European nations competing in the International Silent Games in Paris, France, in 1924; now, they have grown into a global movement.^[2]

Officially, the games were originally called the "International Games for the Deaf" from 1924 to 1965, but were sometimes also referred to as the "International Silent Games". From 1966 to 1999 they were called the "World Games for the Deaf", and occasionally referred to as the "World Silent Games". From 2001, the games have been known by their current name Deaflympics (often mistakenly called the Deaf Olympics).^[5]

To qualify for the games, athletes must have a hearing loss of at least 55 dB in their "better ear". Hearing aids, cochlear implants, and the like are not allowed to be used in competition, to place all athletes on the same level.^[5] Other examples of ways the games vary from hearing competitions are the manner in which they are officiated. To address the issue of Deaflympians not being able to be guided by sounds, certain sports use alternative methods of commencing the game. For example, the football referees wave a flag instead of blowing a whistle; on the track, races are started by using a light, instead of a starter pistol. It is also customary for spectators not to cheer or clap, but rather to wave with both hands, the Deaf form of applause.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) banned athletes from Russia and Belarus from that year's Deaflympics in Caxias do Sul, Brazil.^[6]

To date, the Summer Deaflympic Games have been hosted by 24 cities in 20 countries, but by cities outside Europe on only six occasions (Washington, D.C. 1965, Los Angeles 1985, Christchurch 1989, Melbourne 2005, Taipei 2009 and Caxias do Sul in 2022). The last summer games were held in Caxias do Sul, Brazil and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2022. The Winter Deaflympic Games have been hosted by 17 cities in 12 countries. The last winter games were held in Erzurum, Turkey in 2019. The next summer games are scheduled to be in Tokyo, Japan between 15 to 26 November, 2025.

The 2011 Winter Games scheduled to be held in Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia were cancelled due to the lack of readiness by the organizing committee to host the games.^[7][8] The International Committee of Deaf Sports filed a criminal complaint against the Slovak Deaflympics Organizing Committee and its president, Mr. Jaromír Ruda.^[9] The criminal complaint demands reimbursement of the funds that were transferred to the Slovak Deaflympics Organizing Committee from national deaf sports federations, to cover hotel accommodations and other Deaflympics-related expenses.^[9] According to the Slovak newspaper, SME, "Jaromír Ruda, head of the Slovak Organising Committee, [is] a champion of promises and someone who is accused of a 1.6 million Euro Deaflympics-related fraud".^[10] In a letter to the United States Deaflympians, International Committee of Sports for the Deaf ICSD President Craig Crowley expressed "his deep apologies for the cancellation of the 17th Winter Deaflympics".^[11] Currently, the Slovak Deaflympic Committee and the Slovakia Association of Deaf Sportsmen Unions have been suspended.^[12] In 2013 the Special Criminal Court in Banská Bystrica sentenced Ruda to a prison term of 14+1⁄2 years for defrauding €1.6 million that should have been used for Winter Deaflympics.^[13]

The host cities and National Deaf Sports Associations for all past and scheduled games are as follows:^[4][14]

1924

1928

1931

1935

1939

1949,1997

1953

1957

1961

1965

1969

1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993,2013

2001

2005

2009

2017

2022

2025

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Host cities of the Summer Deaflympics

Games	Year	Host	Opened by	Dates	Nations	Competitors			Sports	Events	Top Nation
						Total	Men	Women
1	1924	Paris, France	Gaston Doumergue	10–17 August	9	148	147	1	6	31	France
2	1928	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Wilhelmina of the Netherlands	18–26 August	10	212	198	14	5	38	Great Britain
3	1931	Nuremberg, Weimar Republic	Paul von Hindenburg	19–23 August	14	316	288	28	6	43	Germany
4	1935	London, Great Britain	George V	17–24 August	12	221	178	43	5	41	Great Britain
5	1939	Stockholm, Sweden	Gustaf V	24–27 August	13	250	208	42	6	43	Great Britain
6	1949	Copenhagen, Denmark	Frederik IX of Denmark	12–16 August	14	391	342	49	7	51	Great Britain
7	1953	Brussels, Belgium	Baudouin of Belgium	15–19 August	16	473	432	41	7	57	Germany
8	1957	Milan, Italy	Giovanni Gronchi	25–30 August	25	635	565	70	9	69	Soviet Union
9	1961	Helsinki, Finland	Urho Kekkonen	6–10 August	24	613	503	110	10	94	Soviet Union
10	1965	Washington, D.C., United States	Lyndon B. Johnson	27 June – 3 July	27	687	575	112	9	85	Soviet Union
11	1969	Belgrade, Yugoslavia	Josip Broz Tito	9–16 August	33	1189	964	225	12	105	Soviet Union
12	1973	Malmö, Sweden	Gustaf VI Adolf	21–28 August	31	1116	893	223	11	97	United States
13	1977	Bucharest, Romania	Nicolae Ceauşescu	17–27 July	32	1150	913	237	11	106	United States
14	1981	Cologne, West Germany	Helmut Schmidt	23 July – 1 August	32	1198	893	305	11	110	United States
15	1985	Los Angeles, United States	Ronald Reagan	10–20 August	29	995	745	250	11	96	United States
16	1989	Christchurch, New Zealand	David Lange	7–17 January	30	955	726	229	12	120	United States
17	1993	Sofia, Bulgaria	Zhelyu Zhelev	24 July – 2 August	52	1679	1295	384	12	126	United States
18	1997	Copenhagen, Denmark	John M. Lovett	13–26 July	65	2028	1496	534	14	140	United States
19	2001	Rome, Italy	Carlo Azeglio Ciampi	22 July – 1 August	67	2208	1562	646	14	143	United States
20	2005	Melbourne, Australia	Marigold Southey	5–16 January	63	2038	1402	636	14	147	Ukraine
21	2009	Taipei, Chinese Taipei 1	Ma Ying-jeou	5–15 September	80	2670	1714	779	17	177	Russia
22	2013	Sofia, Bulgaria2	Rosen Plevneliev	26 July – 4 August2	83	2711	1792	919	16	2032	Russia
23	2017	Samsun, Turkey	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	18–30 July	97	2856	1897	959	18	219	Russia
24	2022	Caxias do Sul, Brazil	First Lady Michelle Bolsonaro	1–15 May 20223	71	1489	1022	467	183	2193	Ukraine
25	2025	Tokyo, Japan		15–26 November

¹ The Republic of China (Taiwan) is recognised as Chinese Taipei by CISS and the majority of international organisations it participates in due to political considerations and Cross-Strait relations with the People's Republic of China.

² The marathon had been held 4 days before the opening ceremonies in Füssen, Germany on 21 July 2013.^[15]

³ Due to the COVID-19 Global Pandemic, the Summer Deaflympics that were to be held in December 2021 have been postponed until May 2022 anddue the small number of venues near Caxias do Sul and Brazil and a low number of participants, the bowling events were transferred to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and were held between 20 and 30 October 2022.^[16]

Winter Deaflympics

An all-time Winter Deaflympics from 1949 Winter Deaflympics to 2024 Winter Deaflympics, is tabulated below. The table is simply the consequence of the sum of the medal tables of the various editions of the Winter Deaflympics.

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Russia	53	40	42	135
2	Norway	48	36	40	124
3	Soviet Union	24	26	21	71
4	Austria	23	26	27	76
5	Italy	22	14	16	52
6	United States	21	29	34	84
7	Finland	21	21	20	62
8	Switzerland	20	29	24	73
9	Czech Republic	18	9	6	33
10	Canada	18	8	8	34
11	Ukraine	14	19	13	46
12	Germany	13	19	30	62
13	France	11	17	15	43
14	China	10	8	11	29
15	Japan	8	6	6	20
16	Australia	6	4	1	11
17	Poland	5	5	1	11
18	Sweden	2	15	10	27
19	Slovakia	2	5	0	7
20	Slovenia	2	2	3	7
21	Great Britain	2	2	2	6
22	Croatia	1	1	4	6
23	Kazakhstan	1	0	1	2
24	Iran	1	0	0	1
	Israel	1	0	0	1
	Latvia	1	0	0	1
	Spain	1	0	0	1
28	South Korea	0	2	3	5
29	Hungary	0	1	2	3
30	Brazil	0	1	1	2
	Yugoslavia	0	1	1	2
32	Lithuania	0	1	0	1
33	Serbia	0	0	1	1
	Turkey	0	0	1	1
Totals (34 entries)		349	347	344	1040

Combined

Summer Deaflympics

The following sports have been contested in a Summer Deaflympic Games programme:

Winter Deaflympics

The following sports have been contested in a Winter Deaflympic Games programme:

• Disabled sports

• Official website
• Comité International des Sports des Sourds official website