Director of National Intelligence

Founding

Before the DNI was formally established, the head of the United States Intelligence Community was the director of central intelligence (DCI), who concurrently served as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

The 9/11 Commission recommended establishing the DNI position in its 9/11 Commission Report, not released until July 22, 2004, as it had identified major intelligence failures that called into question how well the intelligence community was able to protect U.S. interests against foreign terrorist attacks.

Senators Dianne Feinstein, Jay Rockefeller and Bob Graham introduced S. 2645 on June 19, 2002, to create the position of Director of National Intelligence. Other similar legislation soon followed. After considerable debate on the scope of the DNI's powers and authorities, the United States Congress passed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 by votes of 336–75 in the House of Representatives, and 89–2 in the Senate. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on December 17, 2004. Among other things, the law established the DNI position as the designated leader of the United States Intelligence Community and prohibited the DNI from serving as the CIA director or the head of any other intelligence community element at the same time. In addition, the law required the CIA Director to report their agency's activities to the DNI.

Critics say compromises during the bill's crafting led to the establishment of a DNI whose powers are too weak to adequately lead, manage and improve the performance of the intelligence community.^[4] In particular, the law left the United States Department of Defense in charge of the National Security Agency (NSA), the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).

Appointments

The first director of national intelligence was former U.S. ambassador to Iraq John Negroponte who was appointed on February 17, 2005, by President George W. Bush, subject to confirmation by the U.S. Senate. It was reported that President Bush's first choice for DNI was former director of central intelligence Robert M. Gates, who was serving as president of Texas A&M University, but who declined the offer.^[5] Negroponte was confirmed by a Senate vote of 98–2 on April 21, 2005, and he was sworn in by President Bush the same day.

On February 13, 2007, Mike McConnell became the second director of national intelligence, after Negroponte was appointed Deputy Secretary of State. Donald M. Kerr was confirmed by the U.S. Senate to be Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence on October 4, 2007, and sworn in on October 9, 2007. Kerr, from Virginia, was previously the director of the National Reconnaissance Office and the deputy director for science and technology at the CIA before that. Earlier in his career, he was an assistant director at the FBI, in charge of their Laboratory Division from 1997 to 2001.

On July 20, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated retired Air Force lieutenant general James Clapper as the fourth DNI. Clapper was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 5, and replaced acting director David C. Gompert. This followed Obama's dismissal of the third DNI, retired Navy admiral Dennis C. Blair, whose resignation became effective May 28, 2010.^[6]

The fifth DNI, Dan Coats, the sixth DNI, John Ratcliffe, and acting DNIs Joseph Maguire, Richard Grenell and Lora Shiao, all served between March 16, 2017, and January 21, 2021, during the administration of President Donald Trump.

The seventh and current DNI is Avril Haines, who took office on January 21, 2021. The first woman to hold the office, she was nominated by President-elect Joe Biden on November 23, 2020^[7] and confirmed by the Senate on January 20, 2021.^[8]

Website issues

Declan McCullagh at News.com wrote on August 24, 2007, that the DNI site was configured to repel all search engines to index any page at DNI.gov. This effectively made the DNI website invisible to all search engines and in turn, any search queries.^[9] Ross Feinstein, Spokesman for the DNI, said that the cloaking was removed as of September 3, 2007. "We're not even sure how (the robots.txt file) got there" – but it was again somehow hidden the next day. On September 7, McCullagh reported that the DNI appeared to be open to web searches again.^[10]

Reform initiatives

In September 2007, the Office of the DNI released "Intelligence Community 100 Day & 500 Day Plans for Integration & Collaboration". These plans include a series of initiatives designed to build the foundation for increased cooperation and reform of the U.S. Intelligence Community.^[11]

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 established the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) as an independent agency to assist the DNI. The ODNI's goal is to effectively integrate foreign, military and domestic intelligence in defense of the homeland and of United States interests abroad.^[12] The ODNI has about 1,750 employees.^[13] Its headquarters are in McLean, Virginia.

On March 23, 2007, DNI Mike McConnell announced organizational changes, which included:

• Elevating Acquisition to a new Deputy DNI position
• Creating a new Deputy DNI for Policy, Plans, and Requirements (replacing the Deputy DNI for Requirements position)
• Establishing an Executive Committee
• Designating the Chief of Staff position as the new Director of the Intelligence Staff

The ODNI continued to evolve under succeeding directors, culminating in an organization focused on intelligence integration across the community.^{[citation needed]}

Organization

The ODNI leadership includes the director, principal deputy director and chief operating officer.^[14] In addition, the Director of Defense Intelligence reports to the DNI.

There are two directorates, each led by a Deputy Director of National Intelligence:^[14][15]

• Mission Integration Directorate
  • National Intelligence Council
  • President's Daily Brief
• Policy & Capabilities Directorate
  • Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity

There are five mission centers, each led by a director of that center:^[14][15]

• National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center
• National Counterterrorism Center
• National Counterintelligence and Security Center
• Foreign Malign Influence Center
• Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center

There are also four oversight offices:^[14][15]

• Office of Civil Liberties, Privacy and Transparency (CLPT), led by the Civil Liberties Protection Officer (CLPO)^[16]
• Office of Equal Employment Opportunity & Diversity
• Office of the Intelligence Community Inspector General
• Office of General Counsel

Organization seals

• 
  NCBC
• 
  FMIC
• 
  NCTC
• 
  NCSC
• 
  ICIG
• 
  CTIIC

United States Intelligence Community

The USIC comprises 17 intelligence agencies and organizations:

• Air Force Intelligence
• Army Intelligence
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Coast Guard Intelligence
• Defense Intelligence Agency
• Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (Department of Energy)
• Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Department of Homeland Security)
• Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Department of State)
• Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Department of the Treasury)
• Office of National Security Intelligence (Drug Enforcement Administration)
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Marine Corps Intelligence
• National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
• National Reconnaissance Office
• National Security Agency
• Naval Intelligence
• Space Force Intelligence

Position succeeded the Director of Central Intelligence.

No.	Image	Name	Start	End	Duration	President(s)
1		John Negroponte	April 21, 2005	February 13, 2007	1 year, 298 days		George W. Bush
2		Mike McConnell	February 13, 2007	January 27, 2009	1 year, 349 days
3		Dennis Blair	January 28, 2009	May 28, 2010	1 year, 119 days		Barack Obama
–		David Gompert Acting	May 28, 2010	August 5, 2010	69 days
4		James Clapper	August 5, 2010	January 20, 2017	6 years, 168 days
–		Mike Dempsey Acting	January 20, 2017	March 16, 2017	55 days		Donald Trump
5		Dan Coats	March 16, 2017	August 15, 2019	2 years, 152 days
–		Joe Maguire Acting	August 15, 2019	February 20, 2020	189 days
–		Rick Grenell Acting	February 20, 2020	May 26, 2020	96 days
6		John Ratcliffe	May 26, 2020	January 20, 2021	239 days
–		Lora Shiao Acting	January 20, 2021	January 21, 2021	1 day		Joe Biden
7		Avril Haines	January 21, 2021	Incumbent	3 years, 97 days

The line of succession for the director of national intelligence is as follows:^[17]

1. Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
2. Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Intelligence Integration
3. Director of the National Counterterrorism Center
4. Director of the National Counterintelligence and Security Center
5. Inspector General of the Intelligence Community

Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence

a.^ Hallman's and Wiley's position was Principal Executive, which did not require Senate confirmation. The duties were the same as those of a principal deputy director.^[19]

Chief Operating Officer

Director of the Intelligence Staff/ Chief Management Officer

Inspector General of the Intelligence Community

a.^ Monheim became Acting IG upon Atkinson's being put on administrative leave on April 3. He remained Acting IG upon and after Atkinson's official removal on May 3.^[25]

Deputy directors of national intelligence

Assistant directors of national intelligence

• James R. Clapper with Trey Brown (2018). Facts and Fears: Hard Truths from a Life in Intelligence. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0525558644. OCLC 1006804896. Memoir including his time as DNI.

• Official website
• Office of the Director of National Intelligence in the Federal Register
• 32 CFR Chapter XVII of the Code of Federal Regulations